Background: Viral conjunctivitis is a prevalent eye infection that is typically linked to epidemic circumstances. The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical features of continuing viral conjunctivitis in Sudan during times of conflict. Methodology: This is a prospective descriptive study that was launched after seeing an uncommon presentation of acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis in people of all ages around the beginning of August 2024. Results: Subconjunctival hemorrhage (SCH) was observed in a total of 83 cases, with 76% being males and 95% being females. Swelling of the eyelids was observed in 82 patients, with 82.5% being males and 81% being females. Conjunctival edema was observed in a total of 79 patients, with 77.7% being males and 81% being females. The majority of the patients exhibited symptoms in both eyes, while 8% and 4% experienced symptoms in the left eye and right eye, respectively. Conclusion: This pandemic of viral conjunctivitis, which often begins in one eye and spreads to the other, can clear itself in a week or two, based on the typical clinical symptoms. Steroids and antibiotics work synergistically to alleviate symptoms and avoid bacterial infections.

Periampullary tumors are cancers that arise in the region of the ampulla of Vater, where the bile duct and pancreatic duct converge and empty into the small intestine. These tumours can be challenging to diagnose and manage given the region's transitional character and closeness to various structures. Upper gastrointestinal bleeding may be a rare clinical presentation following tumoral ulceration, erosion into blood vessels or nearby structures or secondary complications like pancreatitis or portal hypertension. Identifying the anatomical origin of these malignancies is usually a herculean task. This will require prompt oesophagogastroduodenoscopy and imaging to determine the source. Immunohistochemistry may be helpful in differentiating these tumours. We present periampullary tumour an unusual cause of upper gastrointestinal bleeding. A 52 year old male was admitted for evaluation following a 3 months history of weight loss, burning/colicky epigastric pain, easy fatiguability, dizziness, vomiting and passage of malaena.He was fully conscious on admission, pale, tachycardic with a blood pressure of 90/70mmHg. He had an international normalized ratio (INR) of 1.0. Oesophagogastroduodenoscopy showed a polypoid fungating mass at the1st and 2nd parts of the duodenum. A Computerized Tomogram scan of the abdomen showed a diffuse circumferential duodenal wall thickening of 1st and 2nd parts with reduction in luminal calibre, mildly dilated pancreatic, common bile and common hepatic ducts. Histology showed moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma. He had a side to side gastrojejunal anastomosis and cholecystojejunostomy and entero-enterotomy following which he received chemotherapy.

Background: Dengue fever is a mosquito-borne viral disease that has emerged as a significant public health concern in Kolkata, with a substantial burden on the healthcare system. Also, this disease shows and additional impact on liver. Objective: To investigate the epidemiological trends of dengue fever in Kolkata and its effect on liver function. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted using data from [Ashok Laboratory] in Kolkata. Patients diagnosed with dengue fever between [July, 2023 to June, 2024] were included. Demographic, clinical, and laboratory data were analyzed. Results: A total of [6132] patients were included. The majority were [10-30] years old, and [males]. The incidence of dengue fever was highest during [monsoon season]. The data shows that SGPT/ALT and SGOT/AST value is very high on the dengue positive individuals and total bilirubin value is also high on dengue positive individuals. Conclusion: This study highlights the significant impact of dengue fever on liver function in Kolkata. The findings suggest that early detection and management of dengue-induced hepatic dysfunction are crucial to prevent severe complications. Public health measures should focus on vector control, timely diagnosis, and appropriate treatment to mitigate the burden of dengue fever in Kolkata.

Ocular involvement related to treatment with tumor necrosis factor alpha inhibitors is a rare adverse effect that may lead to irreversible outcomes. We illustrate through this report a case of optic atrophy under Etanercept in a patient with spondyloarthritis. The diagnosis was suspected due to visual acuity impairment, and was confirmed by ophthalmological examination. Although the TNF-blockers were discontinued and corticosteroids were administered, the follow-up examination did not reveal any improvement in visual acuity. This is a potential serious complication of TNF inhibitors that rheumatologists should recognize when monitoring patients with rheumatic diseases.

Background: Various liver disorders require histological assessment for proper diagnosis, staging, treatment, or follow-up. We determine indications and histological outcomes of liver biopsy samples. Materials and Methods: Sixty-two patients were consecutively recruited from four health centers within Sokoto metropolis over a five-year period (March 2019 to February 2023). Fifty one subjects that consented had a liver biopsy done for various indications. The tissues obtained were taken for histopathologic evaluations. Results: In the majority of the subjects, 39 (76.5%) the clinical indications for liver biopsy was Chronic viral Hepatitis infections (CVHI) while 7(13.7%) and 5(9.8) of the subjects had clinical indications of unexplained liver mass and fatty liver disease respectively. In all, fifty one subjects had liver biopsy. Histological outcomes were: Chronic Hepatitis 37 (72.5%), followed by HCC with 6 (11.8%), steatohepatitis 4(7.8%) then one subjects each for steatosis and secondary metastasis to the liver. Among the subjects with histological findings of Chronic Hepatitis majority of them either having mild necroinflammation 13(35.1%) or moderate necroinflammation 14(40.5%). Significant fibrosis was found in over 40% of the patients, with 2(5.6%) having histological conclusion of liver cirrhosis. The degree of inflammation and fibrosis from chronic hepatitis was not statistically significant between genders. Conclusions: Despite advancements made in available facilities in diagnosing liver diseases, tissue still plays a significant role. This is particularly so in regions with hyper- endemicity for CHBVI and low socio-economic standards.