Background: Oesophageal masses, including cancers, are serious gastrointestinal conditions diagnosed and studied using endoscopic and histologic techniques to confirm. Objectives: To analyze and evaluate the endoscopic and histologic findings in oesophageal masses over a five year period. Methodology: This was a 5-year retrospective study of all patients with endoscopic and histologic diagnosis of oesophageal masses as seen at the Usmanu Danfodiyo University Teaching Hospital (UDUTH) Sokoto between January 2017 and December 2022. Results: The age range was 41-70, mean of 57.26±1510years and Male: Female ratio of 1.62: 1. The commonest indications were dysphagia and weight loss accounting for 64.7%. About half of the masses were located in the mid oesophagus, 50% were Squamous cell carcinoma, 8(23.5%) and Adenocarcinoma, 7(20.6%). Cigarette smoking as a risk factor was seen in only 2 (11.8%). Alcohol was not a recognized risk factor. Majority of the masses were located at the upper and mid oesophagus were squamous cell carcinoma and none was adenocarcinoma. Two-thirds of the masses seen at the lower oesophagus were histologically confirmed adenocarcinoma. The overall results were statistically significant (p = 0.006). Conclusion: Oesophageal masses during the period of the study were seen among patients over the age of 41 years, male gender predominated, dysphagia and weight loss were the most common clinical presentations. Mid oesophagus accounted for the majority of the masses and squamous cell carcinoma the predominating histologic type. Adenocarcinoma was seen dominating the lower esophagus.

Introduction: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients are at increased risk of developing a severe form of COVID-19. And these Patients with a severe form of COVID-19 tend to have a high viral load. Objective: Identify biomarkers that show significant variation between different covid-19 viral load groups in T2DM patients in Pointe-Noire. Methods: We recruited a total of 206 participants for this study. Detailed information on age, gender, and health status of participants was collected from medical records. Biomarkers were quantified from blood samples and sars cov-2 virus was identified using the PCR technique on nasopharyngeal swabs. Viral load results were deduced from threshold cycles (CT) and subjects were grouped into two groups Ct < 25: Strong positive = High viral shedding and If Ct: 30 and 35 inclusive: Weak positive = Low viral shedding. Results: we found that fever (116/100%), Fatigue (115/99.1%), dyspnea (114/98.2%) and Cough (108/88.8%) were the most common signs in our population. study with high viral shedding. Non-survivors numbered 44 out of 46 for the same group. Biomarkers: CRP, ESR, CBC, GLY, HBA1c, DDI, Creat were significantly disrupted depending on viral load between non-survivors and survivors. Conclusion: This study showed that a high viral load was a source of disturbance of CRP, VS, CBC, GLY, HbA1c, DDI, Creat, signalling a poor prognosis.

Bacillus subtilis is an active substance capable of producing a variety of antimicrobials, enzymes and promoting the growth of plants and animals, which is widely used in modern agricultural production due to its clear research background, wide range of application scenarios, rich industrial use time, non-toxicity and harmlessness to human beings, and its ability to produce spores to tolerate adverse environments. If Bacillus subtilis is further mutated, it can enhance the production of antimicrobials and enzymes, and improve the economic benefits and work efficiency, UV mutagenesis as a safer and widely used mutation technique has been chosen by many scientists, this paper summarizes the current status of Bacillus subtilis after UV mutagenesis in various applications in recent years, and elucidates the future application prospects and research hotspots of Bacillus subtilis in the field of agriculture. The paper summarizes the current status of the application of Bacillus subtilis after UV mutagenesis in various aspects in recent years, and elucidates the future prospects of Bacillus subtilis in the field of agriculture and research hotspots.

Background: Malaria is a major public health problem in Sudan. Severe malaria, due in majority of cases to P. falciparum, poses a real burden on hospitals. This study aims to describe the prescribing pattern of intravenous artesunate (IV-AS) for severe malaria and compliance with national malaria treatment protocol in Gezira State, Sudan. Methods: The study enrolled severe malaria patients who were admitted to the Wad Madani Teaching Hospital during June – August 2022. Patients were verbally consented and followed at hospital level till discharge. Data was recorded on data collection sheet and analyzed using SPSS version 20. Results: Over three months period, 500 patients were diagnosed as having severe malaria based on clinical criteria and the results of thick blood film. The majority were from rural areas and most of them were male. IV-AS was administered for all patients and 71% of patients discharged after administering three doses of artesunate with no serious adverse effects. In 96.4% of patients, the prescription followed the right dosage schedule. The source of the drug was health insurance fund and private sector in 78.4% and 21.6% respectively. The study investigates the prescribing patterns of intravenous artesunate (IV-AS) for severe malaria and compliance with the national malaria treatment protocol in Gezira State, Sudan. A Chi-Square Test of Independence was used to explore associations between gender and the number of IV-AS doses received, as well as between residence (rural vs. urban) and compliance with the dosage schedule. The results showed no significant association between gender and the number of IV-AS doses received (p = 0.915), and no significant association between residence and compliance with the dosage schedule (p = 0.925). These findings suggest that the prescribing patterns and compliance with the treatment protocol are consistent across different genders and between rural and urban patients. Conclusion: Severe malaria patients were treated with IV-AS according to national malaria treatment guidelines with few exceptions. Most patients discharged after administering three doses of artesunate with no serious adverse side effects. Efforts to establish quality assured microscopy and to maintain the current prescription pattern is highly needed.

Renal carcinoma associated with Xp11.2 translocations and TFE3 fusions (Xp 11.2 RCC) form a new and little known entity of the WHO classification. It accounts for at least one-third of pediatric RCCs and 15% of RCCs in patients <45 years of age. Renal carcinoma associated with Xp11.2 translocations and TFE3 fusions (Xp 11.2 RCC) is a rare pediatric renal carcinoma diagnosed by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). We report a case of Xp 11.2 RCC in a 13 year old girl, presented with hematuria. Mass was detected on CECT. She underwent nephrectomy and histopathological examination confirmed renal cell carcinoma. Type was confirmed by FISH. Renal cell carcinoma in pediatric age with characteristic morphology need to be subcategorized using ancillary methods. The most sensitive and specific immunohistochemical markers for these neoplasms are TFE3 protein and cathepsin-K3. Complete surgical removal of the tumour mass including the kidney is the preferred therapy in patients with lower stage ...........