Bacterial contamination of transfusion products, especially platelets are the most common cause of transfusion associated morbidity and mortality. Minimizing bacterial contamination in blood products is a priority for safe transfusion practices. A prospective study was done comparing the efficiency of two different disinfectant techniques by studying the flora on donor’s arm before and after disinfection. This study was undertaken as there are very few reports on this important transfusion protocol from Southern India. Mean number of colonies in post disinfection swab culture with 2% povidone iodine was found to be greater than that of 2.5% Chlorhexidine in 75% isopropyl alcohol. 2.5% chlorhexidine disinfection offers more effective reduction in bacterial contamination than 2% povidone iodine group.

Background: Invasive breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease in its presentation, pathological classification and clinical course. Most tumors are derived from mammary ductal epithelium, principally the terminal duct-lobular unit. However, there are more than a dozen histological variants which are less common but still very well defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) classification. The prime objective of the current study is to document our institutional experience of such rare histological entities with review of literature of the same. Methods: The clinicopathological records of resected breast lesions submitted to histopathology department over the period of three years from Jan 2016 to December 2018 were reviewed retrospectively. It was observational, retrospective and descriptive analysis of 4 unusual histological types of breast carcinoma. The most common lesions like infiltrating ductal carcinoma (IDC) and infiltrating lobular carcinoma in malignant category and benign lesions were excluded from the study. Results: Among 528 breast malignancies reported in the institute, 48 unusual histological types were recognized, of which 4 are very rare histological types with less than 1% incidence. Conclusions: Here in we highlighted the rare varieties of cribriform, squamous, apocrine and signet ring cell carcinoma of breast with relevance to clinical, histopathological and immunohistochemical features. It is with significance to the fact that histological diversity of breast carcinoma has relevant prognostic implications.

Background: Body fluid samples are routinely received for cytological examination to diagnose inflammatory, benign or malignancy. Diagnostic efficiency depending on the type of fixatives used. Therefore these fluid samples are processed with six different fixatives to study thecytomorphological changes. Aim and objectives: 1.The aim of the study was to study as closely as possible the cytomorphological characteristics of body fluids by different fixatives. 2. To compare and analyse the most effective fixative. Materials and method: Inpresent study, the body fluid samples were received from various out-patient and inpatient departments of saveetha medical college and hospital (from Jan 2019 to March 2019). About 50 body fluid samples of various patients is collected for morphological examination .The moderate amount of fluid (10ml to 15ml) were processed by centrifugation, then smeared and stained. Results: Schaudins and carnoys fixatives are the best among the other six different fixatives which had an excellent nuclear and cytoplasmic features and clear background. Conclusion: Isopropyl alcohol using as an ideal fixative in ctytology laboratory. But Schaudins and carnoys are also as best fixative as that of isopropyl alcohol in body fluid cytology

Aim: Nosocomial infections are of great concern in hospital settings especially in intensive care units. Health care professionals and their medical equipment have long been known to act as vectors of pathogens. This study aims at evaluating the presence of bacterial pathogens on stethoscopes of health care workers and to substantiate the effectiveness of alcohol swabs for decontamination of stethoscopes. Methods: 50 stethoscopes belonging to physicians, residents, interns and nurses were swabbed before and after decontamination with alcohol swab. The health care workers belonged to the medicine, surgery, obstetrics, paediatric wards and the intensive care unit. Results: 36% of the stethoscopes were contaminated. Decontamination with 70% isopropyl alcohol showed a significant decrease in contamination. The predominant organism isolated was Staphylococcus aureus (50%). Conclusion: Nosocomial infections carry a higher level of morbidity and mortality. Most stethoscopes harbour potential pathogens. A change in the attitude of health care workers to disinfect their stethoscopes regularly and in between patients will bring about a break in the chain of transmission of infection. We recommend that disinfection of stethoscope should become an integral part of undergraduate and postgraduate education

The co-infection with Hepatitis B&C is a common problem in HIV infected patients as immune deficiency accelerates disease progression and may complicate the management of patients. The Co-infection is also associated with the reduced survival and an increases risk of progression to severe liver diseases with higher susceptibility towards hepatotoxicity due to antiretroviral therapy. The co-existence is quite permissive due to their shared modes of transmissions which are mostly through sexual contact with infected individuals, infected blood and blood products and vertical transmission. Materials and Methods: Serum samples were collected from HIV positive patients for detection HBsAg and anti-HCV antibodies by ELISA. Results: Out of 1000 HIV Seropositive patients 45 (4.5%) were positive for Hepatitis B, and 8(0.8%) were positive for HBV and HCV co-infection. Conclusion: Hepatitis B&C co-infection was found to be significantly higher in HIV positive individuals in comparison to normal population. Hepatitis virus infection leads to rapid progression of liver cirrhosis in HIV infected patients. Hence all HIV patients need to be routinely tested for markers of Hepatitis B&C infection may be required to monitor the clinical outcome.

Background: Coronary artery disease (CAD) is caused by atherosclerosis and its complications. Total leukocyte count and platelet have different roles in the pathogenesis of ST- segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Aims and Objective: To evaluate the prognostic significance of haematological parameters in myocardial infarction patients by comparing with healthy subjects. Materials and Methods: This prospective study was carried out on 48 cases diagnosed with ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) and 48 normal healthy subjects from June 2018 to July 2019 in department of pathology and cardiology at Narayana Medical College & Hospital. Results: Of the total, 48 cases, 35 (72.91%) are men, 13(27.09%) are women with myocardial infarction and 48 controls of which 32(66.67%) are men and 16(33.33%) are women. Neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and platelet –lymphocyte ratio (PLR) were found to be significantly higher in STEMI group than the controls (p<0.005), 8.669±2.06 vs 2.09±0.45 and 210.05 ± 40.93vs 117.01±29.41. Mean platelet volume (MPV), Platelet distribution width (PDW) are higher in cases when compared to healthy subjects (13.79±3.36 vs 8.48±1.23) and (15.85±0.96 vs 14.71±1.16). Conclusion: Mean platelet volume (MPV), platelet distribution width (PDW), Neutrophil - lymphocyte ratio (NLR), Platelet-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) are considered to be an independent risk factors for myocardial infarction.

Endometrioid carcinoma of ovary is a subtype of epithelial tumours of the ovary. It can be distinguished from serous and mucinous tumours by presence of tubular glands resembling that of malignant endometrium. We report a case of endometrioid carcinoma of ovary which occurred in a 60years old women. The patient presented with abdominal distention and she underwent a hysterectomy with left side salphingo- ooherectomy. Histologically, ovarian tumour was composed of tubular glands with squamous metaplasia and Sertoli cell tumour like pattern in some foci and was diagnosed as Endometrioid carcinoma- ovary.

Introduction: The purity of the hemodialysis fluids is crucial for hemodialysis patients who are inevitably exposed to a large volume of water during hemodialysis. During this process the semi-permeable artificial membrane comes into direct contact with the bloodstream. Therefore it is important to monitor the purity of dialysis water. Aim and objectives: To compare two different methods for dialysis water analysis. Material and methods: 50 samples of dialysis water were collected from Saveetha Medical College and Hospital for this study. The study was conducted from 2018 December to 2019 March after getting Institutional Human Ethical Committee (IHEC) Clearance. By using the criteria of the AAMI, the present study is taken up to analyse the sensitivity of two different cultures technique i.e., spread plate and membrane filteration technique. Results: The standardization shows that spread plate technique was 80% effective and membrane filtration technique was 70% effective in identifying 100 CFU/mL of bacteria tested. Out of 50 unknown samples tested, 2 were ultra-pure, 21 were between 0.1-50 CFU/mL, 16 were between 50-100 CFU/mL and 11 were >100 CFU/mL by Spread plate technique. Likewise, 6 were ultra-pure, 30 were between 0.1-50 CFU/mL, 10 were between 50-100 CFU/mL and 4 were >100 CFU/mL by Membrane Filtration technique. Conclusion: From this study, spread plate technique proves to be equally sensitive with membrane filtration technique for analyzing dialysis water but when ultrapure water needs to be analyzed, spread plate technique gives much better bacterial recovery. i.e., only 2 samples were proved to be ultra-pure by Spread plate technique.

Basra gets its water from the Shatt al-Arab, the waterway formed by the Euphrates and Tigris rivers. Then it takes its way to the community through the water treatment plant. The tap water samples were studied to assess their bacteriological characteristics and their suitability for drinking purposes. Ten different localities and two bottled drinking water companies at Basra city were selected in this study. Bacteriological examination of water samples included the most probable number of presumed coliforms and fecal coliform bacteria. The results showed that the total number of coliforms was detected in all water samples taken from the ten sites. These samples were also having a positive result using another methods EMB medium and Membrane Filtrations Technique. There was no evidence of coliforms presence in two samples of bottled drinking water. The most common group of organisms used in water quality control are coliforms. These organisms represent the bacteria usually present in the intestinal tract of animals and humans. Biological contamination of water may occur during transportation from the plant to the consumer or during storage in the tank. Improving and expanding existing water and wastewater treatment systems is likely to provide good, safe and sustainable sources of water in the long term.

Introduction: Coagulase negative Staphylococci are a part of normal human flora .They are an important cause of nosocomial infections worldwide. Previously they were considered as commensals but now they are considered as major cause of nosocomial bloodstream infections, urinary tract infections and various indwelling device‑related and prosthetic implants infections [3]. Aim: To determine the prevalence and susceptibility of Coagulase negative staphylococci and their antibiotic susceptibility testing from various clinical samples in a tertiary care centre. Materials & Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted in the department of microbiology, Saveetha medical college .76 strains of CONS were isolated from blood, urine and exudate from both OP and IP. Specimens were collected from various departments like ICU, NICU, General Medicine, SICU, MICU, OBG, ORTHO. Antibiotic susceptibility of all the isolated CONS was done according to CLSI guidelines. Result: In this study, most CONS species isolated were from blood (65%) followed by exudate (25%) and urine. Prevalence of CONS is more in females than in males among the people of 20-39 yrs of age. CONS were isolated more from GM and OBG wards. Staph epidermidis is the most prevalent CONS species followed by S.haemolyticus.26% were methicillin resistance CONS species. Regarding the antibiotic susceptibility, they showed high susceptibility to vancomycin, nitrofurantoin, linezolid, norfloxacin and resistance were seen in Penicillin, Cephalosporin group of drugs.

Introduction: Intestinal parasitic infections are the main health problems in developing countries which can cause mortality and morbidity among infected people particularly in children. They are also associated with stunting of linear growth, physical weakness and low educational achievement in children. This study was undertaken to assess the prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections in children. Material and Method: Pediatric Patients taking treatment in P.D.U. Hospital and Medical College, Rajkot- a tertiary care hospital in Gujarat, India, were included in study. Physical and microscopic examination was carried out in the total 368 stool samples received during from period January 2015 to July 2016. Result: 51(13.86%) stool samples showed presence of ova/cyst of protozoa or helminthes. Protozoal cyst or trophozoites were found in 33 (8.97%) while helminthic eggs or larvae were found in 19 (5.16%) of positive samples. Conclusion: Protozoa are more common than helminthes. It is an important public health problem. It is necessary to develop effective prevention and control strategies including periodic deworming, health education and environmental hygiene.