Purpose: The elderly population has been rising in recent years all over the globe. Anemia of Elderly (AOE) or geriatric anemia in old age group is being widely observed. Independent of its cause anemia has shown to affect physical function among elderly. Various studies have shown the prevalence of anemia in elderly aged >65 years as approximately 10% which rises to 50% in individuals aged >80 years. The study was conducted with the aim to evaluate and study hematological profile and etiological spectrum of anemia in elderly. Method: It was a cross-sectional study conducted from November 2014 to February 2016.Elderly anemics aged 60 years and above visiting Department of Medicine, GTB hospital were evaluated and studied. Results: Nutritional anemia was the most common cause of anemia in elderly. Folic acid deficiency was the most common nutritional deficiency. Conclusions: Nutritonal anemia is the most common cause of anemia in elderly living in low to medium group countires while Nutritional anemia, ACD and unexplained anemia are in equal proportion in west.Folic acid reserves deplete early in elderly and their monitoring can help in predicting poor dietary intake in at risk elderly and those living in senior citizen homes.

Human cysticercosis is caused by encysted larvae of Taenia solium. This parasitic disease is endemic in developing countries like India. Most frequent reported locations are skin, subcutaneous tissue, skeletal muscles, mucus membranes, heart, eye & CNS. Head & neck (excluding orbital & neurocysticercosis) is an uncommon location for cysticercosis. We reported a case of cysticercosis cervical swelling resembling cervical lymphadenopathy in a 25 years old female patient who presented with painless left cervical swelling. Clinical diagnosis considered was tubercular lymphadenitis. On microscopic examination excised tissue comprised of skeletal muscles with cysticercosis cellulosae. We reported this case of cysticercosis because of its unusual presentation as cervical swelling mimicking cervical lymphadenopathy. It is a preventable disease. Personal and household hygiene is very important. Histopathology is the reliable method for confirming the diagnosis.

Background: Several studies all over the world have proposed the association of Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma with Hashimoto Thyroiditis, Lymphocytic Thyroiditis and Multinodular goitre. Papillary Thyroid Microcarcinoma (≤ 1cm size lesions) which are detected incidentally on histopathological examination of thyroidectomy specimens can progress to clinically evident Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma if left untreated. In this study, we aim to determine the types of lesions associated with Papillary Carcinoma Thyroid and to study the most commonly associated lesion, age group and gender affected. Materials and Methods: A total of 74 cases of Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma who underwent thyroidectomy at a tertiary care hospital in Kerala were included in the study. The association between types of lesions, age group and gender were studied and the data obtained was analyzed using Chi Square test. Results: Mean age of the study population was 47 years and majority were females (86.5%). Out of 74 cases of Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma, 58 cases (78%) had associated lesions. The most common associated lesion with Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma was Multinodular goitre (59%), followed by Lymphocytic Thyroiditis (50%) and Hashimoto Thyroiditis (16%).Among the 74 cases, 17 cases (23%) were of Papillary Thyroid Micro carcinoma. Conclusion: It was found that there was significant prevalence of associated lesions with Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma. Hence all non neoplastic lesions of thyroid which are usually managed conservatively require a strict follow up to rule out the possibility of developing Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma. This will go a long way in preventing the morbidity and mortality that could arise in Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma.

Intramedullary spinal schwannomas are rare tumours and are usually associated with neurofibromatosis types 1 and 2. Intramedullary spinal schwannomas without neurofibromatosis are very uncommon. These tumours may present with slowly progressing sensory or motor syndrome. We report a case of 50 years female patient presenting with Intramedullary spinal schwannoma at D11 to L1 levels.

Asymptomatic bacteriuria spans all age groups from neonates to elderly. It is much more common in boys during first three months often in association with urologic abnormalities. During preschool years it is common in girls than boys. Presence of bacteriuria in childhood defines a population at higher risk for development of bacteria in adulthood [1]. The present study was carried out in Department of Microbiology, in a tertiary care hospital, over a period of one year from Jan 2016 – Dec 2016. A total of 100 childrens of all age groups and both sexes were selected for this study. In the present study sample size was equally divided among male and female. ABU +ve came in 7 male children’s, out of which 3 cases were belongs to 6-10 years age group, 4 cases belongs to 11-18 years of age group. ABU +ve came in 11 female children’s, out of which 6 cases were belongs to 6-10 years age group, 5 cases belongs to 11-18 years of age group. Recent advances in research support considering ABU a separate entity from symptomatic UTI. Furthermore, in contrast to historical recommendations, recent evidence demonstrates there is minimal benefit and potential harm associated with the treatment of ABU. The current recommendation is not to treat ABU in the pediatric population, with the exception of renal transplant recipients and children undergoing urologic procedures.

Background: Odontogenic lesions are tumours and cysts originating from the odontogenic epithelium and or ectomesenchyme and its vestigies. They are a wide array of cystic and neoplastic lesions which have been seen in all age groups. There is robust knowledge on the epidemiology of odontogenic tumours in all age groups, however paediatric odontogenic tumours due to their relative rarity have not been well researched and this has led to a conspicuous paucity of literature and knowledge gap on the specific demographics of these lesions in the paediatric age group. Objectives: To assess the prevalence, age, gender and site distribution of odontogenic tumours and cysts seen at the Lagos State University Teaching Hospital within the paediatric group between January 2013 and December 2017. Materials and methods: Records from the archives of the Department of Oral Pathology and Medicine, Faculty of Dentistry over a period of 5 years (January 2013 to December 2017) were reviewed. Information relating to the type of paediatric odontogenic lesion, age, gender and site of lesion was extracted and recorded on data forms. Lesions were grouped into primary dentition (0 to 5 years), mixed dentition (6 to 12 years) and permanent (13 to 17 years) dentition periods. Data was analyzed using SPSS (version 20). Result: Paediatric odontogenic lesions comprised 40 cases (29.63%) of the total odontogenic lesions, 30.53% of all paediatric lesions and 6.64% of all paediatric orofacial lesions seen within the 5 year study period (January 2013 to December 2018).

Acute appendicitis is one of the most common surgical cause of acute abdomen with life time risk of 7%. A 5-year study was conducted and it comprised of all the surgically resected appendices submitted to department of pathology, AlAmeen medical college, Bijapur. The study analysed various histopathological diagnoses, demographic profile and the rates of negative appendectomy. Total 777 cases were analysed, among them 392 were females and 385 were male, highest number of cases were seen in first and second decades of the life. It was found that acute appendicitis was more common in females and incidence of recurrent appendicitis is slightly higher in males. 18% of acute suppurative appendicitis was seen and 23 cases of acute eosinophilic appendicitis was noted. In present study, 25.7% of cases with faecolith in the lumen of appendix was noted. Parasitic infestation can cause blockade of the lumen leading to appendicitis. In our study only 2 (0.26%) cases had a parasitic infestation and enterobius vermicularis was the parasite identified in both the cases. The percentage of negative appendicectomy in our study was 5.15%. Negative appendicectomy was higher in females (62.5%) compared to males. Thus, in present study recurrent appendicitis was more common than the acute appendicitis, maximum number of cases were in the age group of first and second decades of the life, faecoliths considered very common cause of appendicitis was noted only in 25.7% and negative appendicectomy was more common among the females.

The essential step in the assessment of patients for a probable bleeding disorder is to evaluate the severity of bleeding symptoms. To improve the compilation and precision of the patients with history of bleeding symptoms, several Bleeding Assessment Tools (BAT) have been anticipated. A structured questionnaire was approved by the ISTH/SSC-BAT together in year 2010. In our study, data from 99 normal adults (42 females and 57 males) from Uttarakhand were analysed this score (ISTH/SSC- BAT). Mean age of the adult population was 29 year. Normal range obtained were 0–3, 0–5 for males and female respectively after removing the outliers. The median BAT score was 0 in adult males and 1 in adult females. This information may now be used to evaluate the history of bleeding symptoms as a normal or abnormal in the state of Uttarakhand. We aim to standardize this score system in the population of Uttarakhand in our study and improve diagnostic accuracy at a low cost and grass root level.

Frozen section provides a rapid diagnosis intra or perioperatively that guides the surgeon to make a therapeutic decision for the patient’s health benefit. The comparison between the frozen section diagnosis and permanent section diagnosis is an integral part of quality assurance in surgical pathology. This study was performed to assess the diagnostic accuracy of frozen section at different anatomic sites assuming histopathology as a gold standard. This prospective cross sectional study was performed in the Pathology laboratory adjoining the operation theatre and Department of Pathology S.M.S Medical College and Hospital, Jaipur, during a period of 2 years from January 2017 to December 2018. The results of 170 cases of frozen section were compared with their permanent section diagnosis and analysed. A total of 224 frozen section specimens from 170 cases were studied. The diagnoses were deferred in 4 (1.79%) specimens. Out of remaining 220 specimens, the concordant and discordant diagnostic frequencies were 215 (95.98%) and 5 (2.23%) respectively. Discrepancies were mainly related to misinterpretation, sampling and technical errors. The overall diagnostic accuracy was 97.73%. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value were 92.68%, 98.88%, 95% and 98.33% respectively. The average turn-around time calculated was 20 minutes. Our study concurred that the frozen section is a rapid, reliable and an accurate technique to guide the surgeons in deciding the best therapeutic approach for the patients. The accuracy rate can be further improved by regular monitoring of frozen section performance.

Ischemic colitis goes unrecognized as a complication in intestinal neoplastic disorders because of their unique morphological features which vary depending upon haemodynamic status. The two cases presented here show even though ischemic pathogenesis is the underlying factor responsible for this condition; morphologically they are heterogenous and they are described in detail.

Burns are one of the most common and devastating forms of trauma. Patients with serious thermal injury require immediate specialized care in order to minimize morbidity and mortality. Data from the National Center for Injury Prevention and Control in the United States show that approximately 2 million fires are reported each year which result in 1.2 million people with burn injuries. The present study, “Bacteriological profile of burn wound infections” was carried out in Department of Microbiology, in a tertiary care hospital, over a period of one year from Jan 2016 – Dec 2016. A total of 50 patients of all age groups and both sexes admitted in our Burn Care Unit were selected for this study. In the present study, Majority of patients were in the age group 31-40years. Out of 50 patients studied, 28 patients were male and 22 patients were females. A total of 128 organisms were isolated and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (44 cases) was the most common isolate followed by Staphylococcus aureus (37 cases) and coagulase negative staphylococci (29 cases). The other isolates included Klebsiella pneumonia, Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, Citrobacter freundii and Enterococcus species. Modern infection control practice has been effective in reducing or eliminating endemic pathogenic and/or antibiotic-resistant organisms, preventing the establishment of newly introduced pathogenic and/or antibiotic-resistant organisms as the predominant nosocomial flora of the burn unit, and preventing reseeding of such strains back into the burn unit from patients housed in the adjacent convalescent ward.

Early diagnosis of lung cancer plays a pivotal role in reducing death rate due to lung cancer. Bronchial washing, brushing and fine needle aspirations not only compliment tissue biopsies in diagnosis of lung cancer but also comparable. We aim to assess the diagnostic utility of bronchial wash and brush cytology and bronchial biopsy in diagnosing various pulmonary lesions and to compare the bronchial wash and brush cytology with bronchial biopsy in patients with lung cancer. All the patients who underwent fiberoptic bronchoscopy at Alluri Sitarama Raju Academy of Medical Sciences, Eluru during the period of August 2016 to June 2018 for suspected lung lesions on chest radiograph/ CT scan and came to cytology division of pathology department for bronchial wash & brush cytology were included in the study along with biopsy in available cases. Total 60 cases of bronchoscopically visible abnormal lesions underwent bronchial wash and/or brush cytology and/or bronchial biopsy. Of them, only 11.8% of cases of lung malignancy was detected by bronchial wash where as 28.9% of cases of lung malignancies were detected by bronchial brush and 58.8% of cases by bronchial biopsy. We conclude that endobronchial biopsies along with bronchial brush give better cellularity and yield when compared to bronchial wash. The probability of finding the histological subtypes is higher in Endobronchial biopsy when compared with brush and wash samples.

Fomite is an inanimate object or substance that could serve as a vehicle for transmission of infectious organisms amongst individuals. A large number of factors may affect the contamination rate of fomite such as moisture, consistent use and overall cleanliness. Fomites that are found in public places, restaurants, hotels, hospitals and restrooms may include among others handbags, mobile phones, money, door handles or knobs of showers, conveniences, faucets and toilet seats, chairs, lockers, sink and tables. Ladies handbags are multipurpose personal gadgets which may usually habour several kinds of microorganisms such as bacteria. The presence of viable pathogenic bacteria on inanimate entities had been reported by earlier investigators. In this study, a total of one hundred (100) handbags from female undergraduate Microbiology students of Gombe State University (GSU), were investigated for bacterial contaminants and their resistance or otherwise to some commercial antibiotics using standard Microbiology procedures. The results obtained revealed the presence of six (6) different bacterial species, namely Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Bacillus subtilis. The antibiotic sensitivity test showed that all the six (6) bacteria were sensitive to Pefloxacin while five isolates (S. aureus, E. coli, P. mirabilis, K. pneumoniae and Bacillus subtilis) , two isolates (B. subtilis and P. mirabilis) and another two isolates (K. pneumoniae and E. coli) were sensitive to chloramphenicol, amoxicillin and streptomycin, respectively. In conclusion, high level of bacterial contaminants were observed from the studied handbags and found some of the contaminants resistant to the tested antibiotics hence, appropriate use of effective disinfectants is highly encouraged to reduce the magnitude of bacterial contaminants and likelihood of transmitting drug recalcitrant organisms.

Fungal infections from the Candida have significant cause of blood stream infection. This is troublesome among those who have been hospitalized with serious underlying diseases or those who are immunocompromised. To know the prevalence and types of Candida species in blood stream infection and their antifungal susceptibility pattern. The study was carried out in the Department of Microbiology, PDU Medical College, Rajkot from September 2015 to August 2016. Total number of samples are 207. Blood culture specimens were collected and processed for, culture on SDA and HCDA, Slide culture, Gram stain, Germ tube. Antifungal susceptibility testing was performed by modified Kirby Bauer method as per the CLSI guidelines. 58 (28.01%) Candida spp. [C. tropicalis (18), C. glabrata(14), C. gullermondii(12), C. parapsilosis(10), C. albicans(4)] were isolated from 207 specimens. Out of these, 203 (98.06%) from NICU/PICU and 4 (1.93%) from Skin ward, predominantly Males (57.97%). The isolates sensitivite to Voriconazole (100%), Fluconazole (98.88%), followed by Ketoconazole (73.03%) and Clotrimazole (68.62%). Maximum resistance observed to Amphotericin B, Nystatin, Miconazole, Itraconazole. Candidemia is major cause of mortality due to lack of antifungal therapy. Blood stream infections by Candida species have shown highest rates of inappropriate therapy among all BSIs. Strategies are needed to rapidly identify cases of candidemia who are already suffering from serious underlying disease and develop rapid diagnostic technology that widely available and cost effective. By knowing Antifungal susceptibility pattern, patients who are at increased risk for developing nosocomial candidemia should be treated early with empiric therapy that reduced unnecessary patient mortality.

Background: Endometrial carcinomas accounts for 4-8% of all gynaecological malignancies. Over the past 30 years, many genes which cause cancer have been identified in endometrial carcinoma and hyperplasias. Recently, many studies have shown that the most frequently variable expression gene in endometrial carcinoma is PTEN (Phosphatase and TENsilon homologue) tumor suppressor gene which is mutated in about 30 - 50% of endometrial carcinomas. Identification of inactivated PTEN gene is a very important step in the early diagnosis of endometrial carcinomas and hyperplasias. This study was carried out to evaluate the expression of PTEN in the precursor lesions of endometrial carcinoma in peri-menopausal women with abnormal uterine bleeding. Methods: In this cross sectional study, 3634 samples of endometrial tissue were received in the department during the period of 5 years (Jan 2008 to Dec 2012). Of these formalin fixed and paraffin embedded 100 cases of endometrial hyperplasia from perimenopausal women with abnormal bleeding were retrieved and reviewed. PTEN immunohistochemical staining was done and analyzed. Results: Simple hyperplasia without atypia was the most common precursor lesion in perimenopausal women. PTEN expression was significantly higher in immunoreactivity and intensity in simple hyperplasia without atypia. Complex hyperplasia with atypia showed significantly lower immunoreactivity and intensity of PTEN expression. Conclusion: Our study recommends PTEN expression by immunohistochemistry, in all endometrial hyperplasias in the biopsy specimens which is a simple and cost effective technique when compared to other molecular studies.

Blood is a lifesaving resource; it can be infused to a needy patient from a healthy donor after proper screening and cross matching. Infected blood is also a source of transfusion transmissible infections particularly Hepatitis B & C, Human Immunodeficiency Virus, Malaria and syphilis. Stringent screening of each blood unit donated reduces the prevalence rate up to some extent. The objective of this study is to know the seroprevalence of HBsAg among the blood donors in a tertiary care hospital. It is a prospective study done for 3 years between January 2016 and December 2018 with a sample size of 55,376 donors. The overall prevalence among the blood donors in this study was 3.58 % and is more among the replacement donors within the age group 18-40 years. To reduce the prevalence of HBsAg blood transfusion services should be stringent in selecting a donor; proper pre and post donation counseling should be given to the donor. Implementation of more sensitive tests such as NAT for HBV that detects HBV infection earlier during the window period will further decrease the risk of transfusion transmitted HBV and improve the blood safety.

Fermented milk products such as yoghurts can be produced without the addition of any stabilizers. However, some sedimentation of the milk solids would occur in the products (especially drink-type products) and has to be accepted, especially if the shelf-life of the product is more than one week. Sedimentation can, however, be avoided by the addition of stabilizer(s). Pectin has been established as a stabilizing agent in cultured milk products. However, the pectin used is majorly extracted from apple pomace and citrus peels. With the increase in production of processed fruit products, the amount of fruit wastes generated is increasing enormously. Large amount of these wastes poses the problem of disposal without causing environmental pollution. These wastes can be effectively disposed by manufacturing useful by-products from them and one such product is pectin. The peel of passion fruit, for example, constitutes about half of the fruit mass. Given the background of numerous studies which have been carried out on the extraction and characterization of pectin from tropical fruit sources, it is, therefore, necessary to formulate yoghurt stabilized with pectin from these sources and to evaluate its performance in yoghurt. The study was carried out to evaluate pectin extracts from jackfruit and passion fruit peels and their performance in yoghurt production.