Introduction: Pseudomonas aeruginosa has been emerged as an important opportunistic pathogen. Being an extremely adaptable organism, it can survive and multiply even with minimal nutrients and is one of the leading causes of hospital acquired infections. P. aeruginosa exhibits intrinsic resistance to several antimicrobial agents. As a result of indiscriminate use of antibiotics, the spread of multidrug resistance (MDR) is now a global problem. Its general resistance is due to a combination of factor.Emergence of carbapenem resistance mainly Metallo-Beta-Lactamase (MBLs) in Pseudomonas aeruginosa which is considered as a world wide public health concern. Objectives: To study the detection of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and its antibiotic susceptibility pattern from various clinical samples in Tertiary Care Hospital, Bhavnagar, Gujarat. Materials and Methods: The Present study was undertaken at Microbiology Laboratory, Sir T. Hospital, Bhavnagar. 300 isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were collected from various clinical samples between November-2013 to August-2014 .They were subjected to antibiotic sensitivity testing by Modified Kirby Bauer Disc Diffusion Method as per CLSI guidelines. Quality control of the test was done by standards ATCC strain P. aeruginosa 27853. Results: 300 Isolates were included in the study, out of which 95(32%) showed Imipenem Resistant. and were 100% resistant to Cefoatxime, and Imipenem. Gentamicin and Ciprofloxacin showed 84% and 93% resistance. Amikacin and Ofloxacin showed 89% resistance each. where as Piperacillin showed 75% resistance. Conclusions: Early detection will go a long way in making adjustments in empirical antimicrobial therapy. The study was coducted to formulate antibiotic policy and plan a proper hospital infection control strategy to prevent the spread of these MDR strains.

Gall Bladder Carcinoma (GBC) is the most aggressive and most common malignancy of the biliary tract in the world. GBC is common in India and shows rising trend with 10 times more incidence in northern and north eastern region than Southern region. As most of the patients are diagnosed in the advanced stage of cancer, prognosis is dismally poor and early diagnosis is essential. We aim to study the importance of Ultrasound (US) guided Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology (FNAC) in the early detection and diagnosis of gall bladder malignancy in the suspicious cases of gall bladder lesions. A prospective cytomorphologic analysis of total 580 cases of suspected gall bladder lesions was conducted in the Department of Pathology, SMS Medical College, Jaipur, Rajasthan over a period of 2 years. US guided FNAC of the suspicious lesion was done and diagnosis was made on the basis of their cytomorphological features. The mean age of presentation was 54 years with male: female ratio of 1:2. The most common site for GBC was found to be Fossa (97.4%). According to nature of the smears, 73% were malignant, 18% unsatisfactory, 7% benign and 2% were suspicious. On cytomorphological diagnosis, Adenocarcinoma was found to be the most common of all malignant neoplasm (42%), followed by cholangiocarcinoma (9%), MEN (8%), metastatic (05%), adenosquamous (3%) and squamous cell carcinoma (1.5%). We concluded that US guided FNA is safe, quick and reliable procedure for an early diagnosis and pre therapeutic workup for gall bladder lesions.

The inflammatory proteins S100A8 and S100A9 form a heterocomplex associated with the prognosis of various cancers. This study aims to examine the association between S100A8 and S100A9 expressions and various pathological variables in primary lung adenocarcinoma (AC). Serial paraffin-embedded tissue sections from 150 patients with lung AC resected at the Shizuoka General Hospital were immunostained and assessed. In patients with invasive lung AC (n = 132), an overlap between S100A8 and S100A9 immunopositivities was observed. S100A8 alone was not reported, but both immunopositivities were associated with high histological grade (P < 0.05), and S100A8 immunopositivity was associated with vessel permeation, poor pT categories, node metastasis, and poor pStage (P < 0.05). In patients with AC in situ (n = 18), only limited S100A9 immunopositivity was observed. The overexpression of S100A8 (S100A8/S100A9 up-regulation) might be a poor prognostic factor in lung AC.

Objective: To study the clinicopathological features of xanthogranulomatous inflammation in various organs. Materials and methods: A retrospective 5 years clinico-pathological study of all xanthogranulomatous inflammatory lesions observed at our Institution from 2014 to 2018 was carried out. The clinical parameters and histopathological features were documented with review of literature. Results: Total number of xanthogranulomatous inflammatory lesions encountered in this study were 31 with maximum incidence among 41-50 years age group and Female: Male ratio of 2.1:1. Around 38.7% of cases occurred in the female genital tract. Associated findings include suppuration, necrosis & hemorrhage, actinomycosis, maduramycosis, suture material, endometriosis, calculi and filariasis in this study. Conclusion: Xanthogranulomatous inflammation that mimics malignancy clinically is being increasingly encountered in various organs thereby warranting careful histopathological examination for guiding proper treatment.

The year 2009 witnessed emergence of novel H1N1 subtype of influenza A virus. This novel strain rapidly spread across the world and caused pandemic. In 2010, WHO declared pandemic to have crossed its peak and also warned that it will continue as seasonal influenza outbreaks in winter seasons. Several aspects of the epidemiology of influenza A H1N1/2009 strain have not been accurately determined. We sought to study whether the age & gender affects susceptibility to influenza. During the study period of one month, patients categorised as category C under national influenza guidelines and admitted to isolation ward were screened for influenza. Real-time reverse transcriptase PCR (rRT-PCR) was used for detection of influenza viral RNA. For PCR setup, WHO & CDC guidelines were followed. The result given was either Influenza A/H1N1/2009pdm strain positive or negative. Out of 75 samples received in the laboratory, 32 samples were positive (positivity rate of 42.66%). Positivity rate for females (46.51%) was higher than males (37.50%). Positivity rate was maximum in 70-79 years age group (100%) followed by 30-39 years age group (46.15%) and 20-29 years age group (44.44%). None of the patient was positive in 10-19 years age group (Positivity rate of 0%). The influenza (H1N1/2009) virus is still active several years after the 2009 pandemic in the various parts of the world. The incidence of H1N1 influenza is higher in old individuals. This emphasizes importance of vaccination especially in high risk group before the start of the flu season.

Background: Dengue fever (DF) and dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) are important arthropod borne viral diseases. Dengue is emerging as major public health concern in India and spreading with increased morbidity. Objective: This study was carried out to determine the seroprevalence of Dengue infection among patients attending in Gandhinagar civil hospital attached with medical college during the period of January 2018 to December 2018. Methods: A total of 2545 blood samples received in the department of microbiology, were tested for the confirmation of suspected cases of dengue. Dengue NS1 antigen and Dengue IgM antibody ELISA tests was performed for the confirmation of dengue cases. We estimated the incidence by applying age, sex and season adjusted dengue positivity. Results: Out of 2545 samples tested, 639were positive for dengue infection, among the positive cases 503 were NS1 antigen ELISA positive and136 were IgM ELISA positive. Higher incidence in male patients was noted. Number of positive cases was increased in rainy season. Conclusion: Virus activity is high during monsoon and post monsoon period which coincides with increased vector breeding. This study thus emphasizes the need for continuous sero epidemiological surveillance for the timely formulation and implementation of effective dengue control programme.

Background & Objective: Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C are significant problems in the management of haemodialysis patients. We aimed to investigate the incidence and prevalence of HBV and HCV infection in the hemodialysis patients as well as risk factors for infection. Methodology: All adult patients receiving maintenance hemodialysis (n=217) in General hospital, gandhinagar were studied between September to December 2018. Testing for Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and anti-HCV antibodies was performed at Department of Microbiology, GMERS medical college, Gandhinagar. Results: The prevalence and incidence rates were 2.30% in HBV patients and 5.06 in HCV patients respectively. There was a significant correlation of the prevalence and seroconversion of HCV and HBV with number of blood transfusion and duration of heamodialysis. Conclusion: Patients on maintenance hemodialysis have lower incidence and prevalence of HCV infection and lower rates of HBV infection in this study.

The aim of our study is to assess the frequency of urinary tract infections in clean catch midstream urine, to isolate the urinary tract infection causing organism and their anti microbial sensitivity to various antibiotics in chronic renal failure patients undergoing hemodialysis. Our study was carried out in the time span of 12 months from January 2018 to December 2018 at GMERS Medical College Gandhinagar, Gujarat. The study included 1225 patients of all age group who had clinically evident chronic renal failure and taking hemodialysis. Out of 1225 patients presented clinically as chronic renal failure and taking hemodialysis, 365(29.80%) patients were culture positive and 860(70.20%) patients were culture negative. Out of 1225 patients of CRF taking hemodialysis 891(72.73%) were male and 334(27.27%) were female. In the present study maximum number of patients 97 were from age group 61-70 years followed by 57 patients from 21-30 years age group. Out of 365 cultures positive isolates 301(82.47%) were gram negative isolates and 64(17.53%) were gram positive isolates. Both gram negative and gram positive isolates are 100% sensitive to imipenam and least sensitive to amoxicillin 15.28% and 10.94% respectively. MDR in gram negative isolates were 19.27% and in gram positive isolates were 12.69%. our study is helpful in need for continous evaluation of local antibiotics sensitivity patterns for the formulation of rational antibiotic policy which will reduces further spread of antimicrobial resistance.

Blood transfusion is most important part of medical treatment and is also associated with risk of transfusion transmitted infections (TTIs). Hence screening of blood bags is important to ensure safe blood transfusion. The present study was done to evaluate the ability of nucleic acid testing (NAT) and to compare it with ELISA assay to detect Window period for HBV, HCV, and HIV in the donor population of the blood bank of Karwar institute of Medical sciences, Karwar, Karnataka. A total of 3183 donors were screened over 4 ½ years to assess the seroprevalence of infectious disease markers. Blood units were screened for the five commonest TTIs namely HIV I & II, HBsAg, HCV syphilis and malaria using screening test like ELISA and Rapid Kit, peripheral smear and VDRL tests. All reactive sample were retested. Seropositive blood bags were discarded. All non-reactive samples were sent for confirmation testing by NAT technique for HIV I & II, HBsAg, HCV to reduce the risk of TTIs in the recipients, thus providing an additional layer of blood safety. Out of 3183 blood donors, 17 were seropositive for the TTIs. Totally 14 units were positive for HBV infection, out of those 13 were detected HbsAg positive by ELISA and 1 seropositive donor which was not detected by the serological test was detected by the NAT. NAT implementation is likely to reduce the TTIs and its implementation will be a valuable addition to the existing safety efforts.

Background & Objective: UTI (urinary tract infection) is the most common among all hospital acquired infections world wide. In UTI, most common organism is E.coli. Organism responsible for the hospital acquired infection may have tendency to develop multiple drug resistance. E.coli acquired from the hospital source and community source may differ in their resistant against antibiotics. Aim: Our aim to study and compare the antibiotic resistant pattern with special reference to ESBL (extended spectrum β lactamase) in the community acquired and hospital acquired common gram negative bacilli causing UTI in patients of district hospital Gandhinagar during period of June 2008 to may 2009. Methods and materials: E.coli from symptomatic UTI cases from both community acquired and hospital acquired UTI at district hospital Gandhinagar during period of June 2008 to May 2009 were tested for the antimicrobial susceptibility testing against 18 drug of various groups performed by Kirby Bauer's disc diffusion method. Isolates resistant to third generation cephalosporin were tested for ESBL production by double disk synergy test method. Results: Overall E.coli was (73.75%) among the all gram negative bacilli of UTI patients. The majority (70%) of the isolates were from female. ESBL prevalence was 12.6% and 25% among community acquired and hospital acquired E.coli respectively. Cephalosporin group of sensitivity was widely varied among both the group compare to other groups of antibiotics and more resistance was found in hospital strain. Discussion and Conclusion: Almost double prevalence of ESBL among hospital strain compared to community strain leads to change in line of management when a hospitalized patient has tendency to develop UTI, plain cephalosporin should not be administered in other diseases also.

Background: Acute viral hepatitis (AVH) is a major public health problem and is an important cause of morbidity and mortality. Acute Viral Hepatitis A infection among adults .in developing country is low due to pre exposure of Hepatitis A virus (HAV) during childhood and adolescence. Anti-HAV prevalence in population worldwide has grouped countries into high, intermediate low and very low endemicity. The anti-HAV prevalence in Indian population is of high endemicity. But, there is heterogeneous exposure of hepatitis A virus in different region of the country. In India the age of acquiring HAV has a world-wide distribution and affects infant and young children in developing countries and its epidemics are not very common. HEV is restricted to tropical countries and affects older children and young adults and its epidemics are common. Studies suggested that HEV is etiologically responsible for 10%–95% of admitted cases of hepatitis. Exposure rates over a period of time are different in different parts of the country and in different socioeconomic groups. Objective: To determine the prevalence of Hepatitis A Virus (HAV) and Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection among patients of suspected acute viral hepatitis admitted in Sola Civil Hospital, Ahmadabad / in a tertiary care hospital, Ahmadabad, Gujarat. To determine any change in the epidemiology of these infections with the age, gender and seasonal trends. Methods: This study was conducted in the Department of Microbiology, GMERS Medical College & Hospital, and Sola, which is a leading Tertiary care hospital and the major referral centre of Ahmedabad, Gujarat.

The head and neck area is the most complex area of the human body, with its most physical connections to the outside environment. So it plays host to a variety of infections. Sinonasal tract fungal infections are not uncommon and the surgical pathologist is concerned with establishing a correct etiological diagnosis because many of the infectious fungal masses are confused with neoplasms both clinically and radiologically. So this study was aimed to identify the histomorphological type of fungal infections in the sinonasal tract and their prevalence according to various clinical parameters. This was a retrospective study carried out in the Department of Pathology, Karpaga Vinayaga Institute of Medical Sciences for a period of 3 years (Feb 2016 to Feb 2019) and all the Sinonasal tract lesions morphologically diagnosed to have fungal infections were included in this study. During the study period, Out of 11,301 total histopathology specimens received, 40 cases were diagnosed with sinonasal fungal infections (0.35%). Of these, 77.5% were males, 22.5% were females with male preponderance. The most common type of fungal infection was Aspergillosis (14 cases), followed by Mucormycosis (11cases). The most common site of infection in the sinonasal tract was Maxillary sinus. In this study, we attempted to determine the etiological diagnosis of sinonasal fungal infections and the Histopathological examination can render efficient identification of infectious fungal organisms and remains the only feasible and rapid means to identify fungal organisms for starting appropriate therapy for patients.

Objective: Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an important cause of hospital acquired infection especially in patients admitted in critical care units such as intensive care units and burn care units. In recent times, it has emerged as a widespread Multi Drug Resistant (MDR) pathogen which requires antibiotic susceptibility testing on a regular as well as a periodic basis. This study was carried with an aim to determine the antimicrobial resistance pattern and prevalence of MDR P. aeruginosa infection among burns patients at a tertiary care centre. Material and Methods: This retrospective study of pus samples of hospitalized patients in burn wards between January 2018 to June 2018 was carried out. The intensity of use of antibacterial agents and resistance of P. aeruginosa to common anti-Gram-negative antibiotics were measured. The antibiotic sensitivity testing of all P. aeruginosa isolates was done using Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method and the results were interpreted according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines (CLSI) 2017. Results: Out of these 130 clinical specimens, Pseudomonas aeruginosa was isolated in 38(29.2%) samples. P.aeruginosa showed maximum sensitivity to Imipenem (90%), Piperacillin-tazobactum (78%) and Gatifloxacin (52.6%) followed by Tobramycin (28.9%), Ciprofloxacin (23.6%) and Gentamycin (13.1%). Conclusion: Pseudomonas was the commonest cause of infection in fire burn patients in our setting. About 29.2% of the isolates showed multiple resistances. In light of our findings, regular antibiotic resistance test has to be done for each patient in order to select an appropriate antimicrobial agent.

Hepatitis B infection is caused by hepatitis B virus (HBV), an enveloped DNA virus belonging to family Hepadnaviridae that infects the liver and causes hepatocellular necrosis and inflammation which are serious public health problem worldwide. The Present study was conducted in the department of microbiology on 456 female patients. The serums were obtained by centrifugation & test was done. The Hepatitis B surface Ag was detected by using HEPACARDS kit. In our current study on 456 female patients were screened for HBsAg and we found that 5.3% female patients were reactive with HBsAg in serum and 94.7% were Non reactive with HBsAg out of 456 female patients. Higher prevalence of HBsAg was reported in most sexually active age group.i.e.21-40 years (57.5%) and least in age group 81-100 (0.4%). In the light of current study, it can be concluded that the Hepatitis B contributes significantly to chronic liver diseases in India and being transmitted through parenteral, sexual or perinatal mode. The study revealed high prevalence rate of HBV among female patients (5.3%).

Background: The presence of a mass in head, neck and face region often pose a challenging diagnostic problem to the clinician who is confronted with a maze of possibilities. The routine work up comprises of clinical history, clinical examination and other diagnostic aids like radiology which often fail to resolve the vexing problem regarding the nature of the mass. An early recognition and categorization of lesions is essential for treatment. Aim of the Study: To assess the utility of FNAC as an initial diagnostic modality in patients with swellings in the head, neck and face region. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted in the Department of General Pathology of D.Y. Patil Medical College. The ethical clearance for study protocol was obtained from ethical committee of the institution. The present study emphasizes on the diagnostic utility of the fine needle aspiration of head, neck and face swellings. This study is undertaken from February 2015- June 2016. All the patients referred to the department of pathology for FNAC of swellings in the region of head, neck and face, were analysed. A total number of 484 FNAC cases are analysed in this study.

The automated hematology analyzer providing CBC has become the keystone of modern hematology laboratories and has replaced the traditional manual methods. Morphological typing of anemia is routinely done based on RBC indices like MCV, MCH, MCHC and RDW and also by peripheral smear examination. In this study morphological typing of different types of anemia were done by indices obtained from automated analyzer and by peripheral smear and were compared.400 cases of anemia were analyzed by sysmex XT 1800i analyzer and results compared and correlated. Out of 400 cases 351 cases showed a concordant typing and 49 cases showed a non-concordant typing and 12.25% of cases required a peripheral smear review for the correct typing of anemia. The sensitivity and specificity of the sysmex XT 1800i analyzer were calculated as 97% and 91% respectively for the detection of microcytes, 96.5% and 97.5% respectively for the detection of macrocytes and 91% and 90.5% respectively for the detection of normocytes. Most of the non-concordant cases belonged to the category of normocytic normochromic anemia with raised RDW. Morphological typing of anemia from the RBC indices and RDW showed a high sensitivity and specificity, except for some cases with a raised RDW which required an additional peripheral smear examination for the correct typing. So manual peripheral smear examination still holds important role in the modern laboratory practice as it provides us with many information for the proper diagnosis and management.

Aim: The aim of the present study was to perform clinico-histopathological correlation of skin lesions in all patients with a clinical suspicion of Hansen’s disease. Materials and Methods: A 3 year retrospective study from 2016-2018 was carried out with all the clinically suspected cases of Hansen’s disease along with histopathological examination of skin biopsies. Results: Out of the 60 cases diagnosed as Hansen’s disease, majority belonged to age goup 31-40 years with a male preponderance. Most number of cases diagnosed were of Borderline tuberculoid type (24/60). Overall clinicohistopathological correlation was 58.3%. Maximum correlation was evident at the polar ends of the spectrum with a slightly better correlation for lepromatous leprosy (75%). Conclusion: Correlation between clinical and histopathological features is required for accurate classification of Hansen’s disease. Clinical detection and histopathological diagnosis of borderline lesions remains challenging and hence the need for interpretation along with the clinical findings.

Introduction – With the coming of adjuvant hormonal therapy, evaluation of hormone receptors now plays a pivotal role in the therapeutic management in breast carcinoma. HER2/neu positive tumors are resistant to tamoxifen based therapies. With the advent of Trastuzumab, the prognosis of this subset of tumors has improved. In this bewildering array of prognostic factors, the conventional prognostic histological features seem to have lost their importance. Material and methods- Fifty cases of mastectomy performed for breast carcinoma were taken in the study. Immunohistochemistry was performed for ER, PR and HER2/neu. Correlation between them and the conventional histological prognostic features was studied. Chi square test was used for statistical analysis. Results- ER, PR showed a statistically significant positive correlation with each other. PR & HER2/neu showed no correlation with tumor size whereas ER showed a statistically negative correlation with size of the tumor. An inverse correlation was seen between tumor grades, mitotic count and ER, PR. HER2/neu showed no correlation with either grade or mitotic count though a significant positive correlation was seen with nuclear pleomorphism. Neither the hormone receptors not HER2/neu showed any correlation with lymph node status. Conclusion- Histological features are still valuable in judging the prognosis of breast carcinoma. Triple negative and ER+PR- tumors are unresponsive to systemic adjuvant hormone therapy. In addition cost and availability can be limiting factors in applicability of these tests especially in low socioeconomic conditions and resource limited centers.

Although there are several reports on the prevalence of HBsAg in Nigeria, there is paucity of data on the prevalence of HBsAg and HBAb among motor park workers in the country. Objective: This study aimed to determine the seroprevalence and risk factors among commercial Motor park workers in Jos, Nigeria. Methods: One hundred and thirty one (131) commercially motor park Workers who consented to take part in this study were recruited. Aseptically, 5ml of venous blood was collected from each participant and screened for HBsAg and HBAbs markers using one step, rapid chromatographic immunoassay and associated risk factors using structured questionnaire which was voluntarily completed by the participants and the data were thereafter analysed. Results: Of the 131 participants, 105 were males and 26 females with age range between 16-75 years. An overall HBsAg seropositivity of 16.8% and HBAbs positivity of 74.8% were observed. On multivariate analysis, factors such as multiple sexual partners: HBsAg (35.0%), anti-HBs (10.0%), anti-HBe (20.0%) and anti-HBc (35.0%); history of surgery: HBsAg (64.3%), anti-HBs (21.4%), anti-HBe (7.1%) and anti-HBc (7.1); lack of condom usage: HBsAg (15.7%) anti-HBs (28.7%), anti-HBe (18.3%) and anti-HBc (27.8%) were among some determinants of HBV infection in this study. Conclusion: The data results suggest high prevalence of HBV among this mobile group of people;, and with the increasing number of individuals and corporate bodies engaged in one or more activities at motor parks, there is the need for deliberate efforts for preventive measures.

Higher morbidity and mortality is seen with bacteraemia caused by Biliary tract infection. Due to the presence of biliary sphincter, bile remains sterile despite presence of high concentration of bacteria in duodenum. Increased ductal pressure due to obstruction in biliary tree, can result in biliary stasis and bacterial multiplication resulting in cholangitis. 16% to 85% of bacteriobilia have been reported in various studies worldwide in patients of biliary tract infection. Govind Ballabh Pant institute of Postgraduate Medical Education & Research (GIPMER) is a super speciality hospital providing care to patients from all over India. This study was performed to identify the bacteria causing Biliary tract infection and study their resistant pattern. A total of 229 intraoperative bile aspirates from gastrointestinal surgery department were received in microbiology department of GIPMER and analysed. Identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed as per standard techniques. Bacterial growth was seen in 166(72.48%) out of 229 patients. Polymicrobial cultures 27(16.27%) were less frequent in comparison with Monomicrobial growth 139(83.73%). Commonest isolate was Escherichia coli (47.94%) followed by Klebsiella pneumonia (17.53%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (16.49%), and Enterococcus spp. (11.34%). High resistance was observed against routinely used antibiotics by Gram negative bacteria, such as ciprofloxacin, ceftriaxone, piperacillin/tazobactam, and low resistance was observed against carbapenems and colistin. The study shows that analysis of bile can be valuable in preparing a better treatment strategy in biliary tract infection. Rapid development of multidrug resistance in gram-negative bacteria causing biliary tract infections remains the cause of concern.

Introduction: Biofilm are surface associated bacterial communities surrounded by a matrix of exo-polymers and are responsible for development of clinical infections.Urinary tract infections are considered to be one of the most common bacterial infections.Uropathogenic strains of Escherichia coli account for 70-95% of the UTIs. The bacteria enclosed within the biofilm are extremely resistant to treatment. Objective: To study Biofilm formation of Uropathogenic Escherichia coli by Tube method and Tissue Culture Plate method. Material and Methods: The study was carried out at Department of Microbiology, MGM Medical College, Kamothe, Navi Mumbai from October 2015 – September 2016. Total 200 urine samples were processed. Out of 200 samples, 100 isolates of Uropathogenic Escherichia coli were included in this study. They were identified by standard microbiological procedures. These isolates were subjected to biofilm production by Tube method and Tissue culture plate method. Results: Out of 102 Uropathogenic Escherichia coli isolates 40.19% were biofilm producers by Tube Method and 47.05% by Tissue culture Plate Method. Conclusion: Tube Method correlated well with Tissue Culture Plate method for strong biofilm detection in Uropathogenic Escherichia coli.

Introduction: ‘Viral Hepatitis’ denotes a primary infection of liver by heterogeneous group of Hepatitis virus. They are clinically indistinguishable, leading to morbidity and mortality. Mainly diagnosed by serological and molecular markers. Hepatitis A and Hepatitis E viruses are transmitted by faeco-oral route and cause sporadic as well as outbreaks of acute viral hepatitis. Objectives: Prevalence of HAV and HEV in patients of acute viral hepatitis along with their co-existence and correlate it with seasonal trend. Materials & Methods: Study was conducted in our institute from January to December, 2018. 275 samples were tested for HAV and HEV infection of clinically suspected cases. Samples were analyzed for anti HEV IgM and anti HAV IgM antibody by ELISA method. Results: Out of 275 samples, 66 were positive for anti HAV IgM indicating prevalence rate of 24%, majority patients were in pediatric age group of 0-14 yrs. In case of HEV, 71 samples were positive with prevalence rate of 25.8%, majority patients were in age group 15-45 yrs. Infection rate was higher in males. Co infection rate was 1.09%. Seasonal trend shows maximum positive cases in summer and monsoon. Conclusion: HAV and HEV infection should be considered as an etiology of acute infectious viral hepatitis. It is suggested that health care facilities should make an effort to increase the awareness among general public for personal hygiene and cleanliness, thus reduce morbidity, mortality and economic burden.

Dengue fever is the most common Arboviral disease in India. Dengue is endemic in almost all states and leading cause of hospitalization in India. An overview on Dengue burden, prevalence, Geographical distribution and seasonal trends at a particular area is necessary for administration of appropriate preventive and control measures. The present study was aimed to assess the prevalence of dengue infection among the patients suffering from acute febrile illness at GGH Mahabubnagar. A total number of 3076 clinically suspected cases of dengue were included in the study. Serum samples from these patients were collected and were subjected either dengue IgM or NS1 ELISA based on the duration of fever. Out of 3076 cases 206 were positive for dengue serology, out of them 112 were positive by NS1 ELISA and 94 were positive by IgM ELISA. In the present study commonly effected age group is 0-20yrs and showing male preponderance. Dengue infection is common in post monsoon season from September to November months. These epidemiological details in the particular region will help in proper planning of resources in disease prevention and control.

This is a prospective laboratory-based study, conducted at Rahma medical centre, Khartoum, during the period from March to July 2018. The study aims to evaluate the expression of E-cadherin and Vimentin as prognostic markers for epithelial- mesenchymal transition and tumour aggressiveness in breast cancer. Fifty six paraffin blocks are collected from archive for women previously diagnosed as breast cancer. Tissue microarrays are prepared, and then stained by immunohistochemistry method. The data obtained was analyzed using SPSS program version 22.0. The age of patients ranged between 30 to 80 years with a mean of 51.1. The histopathological diagnosis reveals that the invasive ductal carcinoma is 71.4%, while medullary carcinoma and mucinous carcinoma are 25% and 3.6% respectively. The result of histological grade shows, grade I is 10.7%, grade II is 35.7% and 53.6% for grade III. The study shows E-cadherin expression is negative in 12.5%, weakly expressed in 32.1%, moderately expressed in 48.2% and strongly expressed in 7.1%. The study reveals a significant correlation between E- cadherin expression with ages and histological grades (p.value= 0.028 – 0.027) respectively. Vimentin expression is negative in 1.8%, weakly expressed in 51.8%, moderately expressed in 46.4%. This results show a significant correlation between Vimentin expression with ages and histological types (p.value= 0.016 – 0.004) respectively. The study reveals an inverse correlation between E-cadherin and Vimentin (r = -0.389) with a significant correlation (p.value= 0.002). The study concludes that, decreased expression of E-cadherin and increased expression of Vimentin are associated with epithelial- mesenchymal transition and breast carcinoma aggressiveness.

The Micronuclei frequency in tobacco chewers seem to increase steadily as the genotoxic damage increases and progresses from premalignant to malignant oral lesions. This can be easily evaluated in exfoliated oral epithelial cells and helps in assessing the severity. This study was taken up with the objective to assess the frequency of micronuclei (MN) in buccal smear of tobacco chewers with healthy mucosa, premalignant and malignant oral lesions and compare all these cases with that of healthy individuals. The study subjects were divided into four groups each consisting of 20 individuals. The groups were cases with healthy oral mucosa, second group with premalignant oral lesions, third with malignant oral lesions in tobacco chewers and last group with normal controls. The exfoliative cytological smears were stained with Papanicolaou stain. The micronuclei frequency was identified using Tolbert’s criteria. The micronuclei were found to increase in frequency in cases as compared with controls. There was a significant increase from apparently healthy tobacco chewers to premalignant and malignant oral lesions. Hence, micronuclei can be used as a screening tool in tobacco chewers to assess the potentiality of carcinoma and thus a useful diagnostic as well as prognostic indicator.

Introduction: Carcinoma cervix is the most common preventable cancer in women. Every year 122,844 women are diagnosed with cervical cancer in India, and 67,477 cases die from the disease. Secondary prevention includes screening for precancerous lesions and treating them. The Papanicolaou (Pap) smear has become the standard screening test for cervical cancer and premalignant lesions globally. Material and method: In our prospective study, the results of Pap smears obtained from 680 women were analyzed, which had been examined in between March 2013 and October 2018. The pregnancy, known and treated case of cancer cervix, woman who used local douche or antiseptic cream and woman with history of Pap smear testing was excluded from the study. The patient was placed in lithotomy position. A Cusco's bivalve speculum was introduced through the vagina. The cervix was visualized. The longer projection of the Ayre's spatula was placed in the cervix near squamocolumnar junction and rotated through 360°. An average of two smears was collected for each case. The examination results were reported according to the Bethesda III Classification System (2001). Result: Cytological examination was done in all the 680 women, 100 (14.7%) smears were reported as negative for intraepithelial lesions or malignancy (NILM), 428 (62.9%) were reported as inflammatory smear, 8 (1.1%) were reported as Low grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL), 8 (1.1%) were reported as High grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL), atypical finding in 68 (10%) bacterial vaginosis in 32(4.7%) and candidiasis in 8(1.1%). Conclusion: Pap smear testing is very safe, easy to perform, non-invasive and effective test for detecting premalignant lesions of carcinoma cervix. Thus, it helps to decrease morbidity and mortality from carcinoma cervix by treating it at early stage.

The incidence of breast cancer is increasing throughout the world as well as in India. Many risk factors and prognostic factors of breast cancer have been identified but the associations between mast cell infiltration and the clinical features of breast cancer remain unclear. The aim of the study was to estimate the mast cells number in malignant tumors and axillary lymph node and to find out any correlation between the number of mast cells and hormone receptor status. An institution based descriptive study was done in a tertiary care hospital. Total 44 specimens of post operative breast tissue with malignant breast lesion & dissected axillary lymph nodes were taken. Counting of mast cells was done in Toluidine blue stain. Immunohistochemical staining was done for ER, PR & HER2/neu using immunostaining kit. It was observed that when the tumor grade increases the number of must cell decreased per high power field. The mast cell count was significantly higher in cases of ER positive and PR positive breast cancers than that of the ER negative and PR negative respectively but there was no significant relation between mast cell count of HER2/neu. Mean mast cell count of triple negative cases was significantly low. This study indicated that the number of mast cells in breast cancer was inversely correlated with the grade of this tumor and higher mast cell count was related to good prognosis.