This study represents correlation of five needle aspiration cytology with histopathology at the cytology department of khanpur Kalan Medical college during 3 year period only the cases where subsequent histology diagnosis was available were analyzed. All the aspirations were performed by the pathologists. Out of the total of the 89 cases cytological diagnosis was malignant in 35 cases (39.32%). Two cases were false negative. There were no false positive case in the study. A sensitivity Rate of 94.5% and specificity of rate 100% was obtained for malignancy. Positive and negative predictive value for the diagnosis of malignancy was 100% and 94.7% respectively. accuracy of the test was 97.26%. FNA specific diagnosis showed an overall agreement of 98.5% for malignant lesions. All these result compare favorably with the best reported in literature. All these factors help the clinicians in the management of malignant breast lesions.

Helicobacter pylori infection is a widespread problem all over the world. It is the major cause of peptic ulcer disease and gastric carcinomas. Among the various methods available in clinical practice are histopathology, rapid urease test (RUT), cultureand PCR carried on gastric biopsy samples.Non-invasive diagnostics like stool antigen detection are available for rapid diagnosis and treatment follow up. The purpose of the study was to validate antigen detection of H.pylori from stool specimen and also to compare the test with that of rapid urease test and histopathology. This cross sectional case study was conducted on 260 subjects with symptoms of acid peptic disease who underwent endoscopic examination and not on non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs or proton pump inhibitors. Gastric biopsy specimen and the stool samples were collected from patients with mucosal changes. Biopsy sample was subjected for Histopathological examination and Rapid urease test. Stool Antigen detection test was performed by immunochromatography method. Among the 260 study subjects stool antigen detection was positive in 184(70.7%) of the study population. H.pylori was detected by Rapid Urease test in 225(86.5%) of the patients while Histopathological examination identified H.pylori in 230(88.46%) by Haematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) staining and 235(90.38%) by Giemsa staining respectively. The sensitivity, Specificity, Positive predictive value and negative predictive value of Stool antigen detection when compared to Biopsy results were 78.29%, 100%, 100% and 32.89% respectively. The non invasive tests like stool antigen tests for H.pylori could be used as a routine diagnostic tool in the microbiology laboratory. The lower sensitivity of the stool antigen detection in comparison to histopathology and RUT is the drawback that has to be overcome.

Blood transfusion is a life-saving procedure for millions in current medical and surgical practices. However it also has the risk of transmitting Transfusion Transmitted Infections (TTIs) like HIV, hepatitis B and C, syphilis, malaria etc. In India, it is mandatory to test blood units for HIV 1 and 2, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, syphilis and malaria. The whole blood and component units that are reactive should be discarded. The present study was done retrospectively from January 2016 to December 2018 (a 3 years study) in the Department of Transfusion Medicine and Immunohematology, Nizam’s institute of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad, Telangana State, India. During these three years the total donors were 55,306. Voluntary donors were 13.20 % and replacement donors were 86.80 %. A total of 148 donors were reactive for syphilis. Predominant age range reactive for syphilis was 26-35 years (66.89 %), followed by 36-45 years (19.59 %). 148 (0.27 %) donors were reactive for Syphilis. Number of replacement donors positive for syphilis were 147 whereas the number of voluntary donors positive for syphilis were only one. 142 donors were married and 6 were unmarried. All the syphilis reactive donors were males. 95 donors were from urban areas, whereas 53 were from rural areas. Increasing trend of syphilis reactivity was observed in our geographical area. Voluntary blood donations are safer than replacement. Education and public awareness programs would go a long way in suppressing these infections and thereby preventing TTIs and also wastage of precious blood units.

Introduction: Transfusion of blood and its components is a life saving measure in various medical and surgical emergencies. Transfusion carries the risk of transmitting the life threatening transfusion transmissible infections (TTIs) agents like Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), Hepatitis B Virus (HBV), Hepatitis C Virus (HCV), Syphilis and Malaria. Aim & Objectives: To estimate the prevalence of Major Transfusion-Transmissible Infections among Blood Donors at a rural tertiary healthcare teaching hospital of North India. Materials and Methods: The present study was conducted on 7405 blood donors who donated blood in the Blood Transfusion Department, BPS Government medical college for women, Khanpur Kalan, Sonipat over a period of one year. For testing purpose, ELISA kits of 4th generation for HIV І & ІІ, while 3rd generation kits for HBsAg and HCV were used. Syphilis antigen was screened by Anti-TP Test and malaria was screened by the Pan Antigen Card Test. Results: Amongst a total of 7405 donors, 7235 (97.7%) were male donors and only 170 were (2.3%) female donors. There were 6987 (95.3%) voluntary donors whereas 418 (5.7%) replacement donors. The overall seroprevalence of 2.84 % (211 cases of TTI in 7405 donors) was observed. The prevalence of HIV, HBsAg, HCV, Syphilis and Malaria are 0.06%, 1.18%, 1.02%, 0.56% and 0% respectively. Conclusion: Voluntary donations are safer as compared to replacement ones and should be encouraged. Proper efforts in planned way should be made to increase the number of voluntary donors with a target of 100% and reduce replacement donations to a minimum.

Background: The e-Rakt Kosh is an ambitious project to digitize blood banks across country for various objectives leading to smooth functioning for the benefit of patients. Most blood banks in the country have adopted it but there are ground realities that act as barriers in full implementation and adoption of this program. The knowledge of common issues that the staff of the blood bank feels toward the well-functioning of the program is beneficial to chart out strategies for improvement. Study: A questionnaire based study focusing on difficulties in the proper usage of the e-Rakt Kosh portal were noted and analyzed. Result: Seven key issues were identified that acted as roadblocks to the proper adoption and implementation of online entry and record keeping. Inappropriate manpower, computers and training were key parameters along with technological glitches of the online entry procedure. Conclusion: Proper and periodic assessment of performance is vital along with adequate manpower and infrastructure support in order to make this project a success in every blood bank.

Introduction: Abnormal uterine bleeding is the most common presentation amongst women of all age groups attending the gynecology OPD. The etiology of AUB varies depending on the age group. Histopathological study of endometrial biopsies by light microscope is considered the gold standard for diagnosing the endometrial pathology of AUB. Aims & Objective: The aims and objective of this study is to determine histopathological patterns seen in endometrial biopsies of women who presented with AUB. Material and methods: The study was carried out in the Department of Pathology in Government Medical College Haldwani from January 2008 to January 2018. Biopsy sections underwent proper processing and stained with hematoxylin and eosin and were observed under microscope. Relevant patient details were collected from departmental records. Result: Total of 505 specimens of endometrial biopsies were studied. Maximum (47%) patients were between 36-45 years. Commonest pathology was disordered proliferative phase (20%). 11% showed hormone related changes. Hyperplasia was observed in 7%. Endometrial polyps were seen in 2%, Endometritis was found in 2% which included 2 cases of tubercular pathology. Endometrial carcinoma was seen in 2%. Conclusion: Maximum patients in our study belonged to the perimenopausal age group. Disordered proliferative pattern was the most common pathology observed. Endometrial carcinoma was seen only in post menopausal women. Endometrial biopsy proved to be an effective tool in histopathological characterization of endometrium and can be helpful in avoiding hysterectomy in AUB.

Cervical cancer is the fourth most common type of cancer in women worldwide with 85% of cases occurring in developing countries. Endocervical adenocarcinoma is ten times less frequent than squamous cell carcinoma; the most recent literature indicates an increase of three to four times in its incidence over the last few years. The main objective of reporting present case is to draw attention of an unusual presentation of chondroid metaplasia in endocervical adenocarcinoma in a 73 year old post menopausal woman because it is important to recognize the non‑ neoplastic nature of this condition and to differentiate it from malignant counterpart of the tumor. Hence, a careful clinical and histopathological examination is required to avoid the misinterpretation of non‑ tumor cartilaginous foci as a component of malignant neoplasm.

Ectopic pancreas is an abnormal condition of embryological origin. The relationship of ectopic pancreatic tissue associated with choledochal cyst is extremely rare condition. The most commonly reported cases of ectopic pancreatic tissue are located in the upper GI (gastrointestinal) tract with most frequent site is stomach, followed by the duodenum and the jejunum. The clinical implication of the presence of ectopic pancreas in the choledochal cyst is remain unclear but it’s predicted risk for developing futher complications, especially pancreatic malignancy should always be considered. Ectopic pancreatic tissue can be diagnosed at all ages, males are frequently associated but a higher incidence of ectopic pancreas in the gallbladder is found in females and most incidence lies between the thirty to sixty years of life. The purpose of the present case is to present the clinical, and histopathological features of ectopic pancreatic tissue associated with choledochal cyst of 21 years old female. However, the basic concept of occurrence of ectopic pancreatic tissue is contentious. To conclude, the ectopic pancreatic tissue associated with choledochal cyst may be an evidence of its embryological association and it’s greater risk for development of further complications, especially development of pancreatic malignancy. The present case should be considered for long term follow up as only doing cystectomy will not provide full protection against the development of pancreatic malignancy.

Extraskeletal Myxoid Chondrosarcoma (EMC) is a rare soft tissue sarcoma of uncertain differentiation characterized by abundant myxoid matrix located in the soft tissues. It affects mainly the soft tissues of the proximal end of long bones. EMC has a male preference, and this occurs in soft tissue area in patients who are more than 40 years old. The present case was 63 year old female with diagnostic findings on histopathological examination with immuno–histochemical confirmation. EMC is a rare tumor should be considered in the differential diagnosis of myxoid soft tissue neoplasm. Therefore, a multi-modal approach, having distinct clinical, cytological, histo-pathological, immunohistochemical features and cytogenetics analysis, must be necessary in establishing a more definitive diagnosis, which may finally lead to a more targeted and specific treatment for patients.

Distilled water is not supposed to contain > 5μg of chlorides and if it does, distillation is unsuccessful, and a repeat is needed. The quantification of chlorides post purification of reagent grade water though serves to illustrate the success of purification, has also been used in this study to illustrate nearness to success. A total of 50 registered Clinical Chemistry Laboratories in Lagos Mainland of Lagos Nigeria were recruited in this cross sectional study, their reagent grade water sampled and tested for chlorides using spectrophotometric technique. A questionnaire was also administered to ascertain the Laboratories’ headship. In this study, significant amount of chloride was detected in all reagent water tested with concentration range of 0.055mg/L - 38.760mg/L. Comparing the pathologists-headed laboratories with Scientists-headed laboratories shows that there is no statistically significant difference in the outcome of water purification at 95% confidence interval, p = 0.05, calculated t = 0.499, and critical value = 2.000. There is no significant influence on the outcome of reagent water purification by the headship of Clinical Chemistry laboratories.

Production and supply of pathogen and toxic chemical free water is the preliminary aim of water treatment. The natural killing property of bacteriophages makes them the most prominent tool in eliminating unwanted bacteria, making them ideal candidate in water treatment research. In this study phage formulations against multidrug resistant E. coli KP005067 were fabricated by immobilizing them in broth, activated charcoal and alginate beads. The cross section of the phage formulation was analysed using Confocal Raman Microscope and the disinfection study was carried out in batch and packed bed reactor. The phage formulations remained stable for almost 4-8 and 3-5 months at 4oC and 30oC respectively. The batch reduction study using phage connoted the order of host reduction as phage-charcoal > phagebroth > phage-bead. Further more, the disinfection study using packed bed reactor showed 100 and 97% host reduction using phage-charcoal and phage-bead respectively. At the same time, there was concomitant increase in the phage population in the packed bed-reactor indicating that the phage formulations are highly potent in killing bacterial pathogen in water.

Chondrosarcoma usually arises in the pelvis, ribs or long bones but rarely may occur in the nasal septum. The nasal septum chondrosarcoma may extend to skull base, paranasal sinuses or orbit which is usually observed during recurrence. Radiological examination and histopathology plays an important role for its diagnosis and to assess the grade and extension of the tumor. Moreover, the morphological differentiation of low grade chondrosarcoma from chondroma and other tumors like metastatic renal cell carcinoma, chordoma may pose diagnostic challenge on histopathology. It is therefore essential to vigilantly examine the histopathological sections for subtle features for definite diagnosis of chondrosarcoma. The present case is therefore being reported of rare tumor of low grade chondrosarcoma of nasal septum in young female extending to skull base at initial presentation. The case also highlights the importance of close histomorphological examination of low grade chondrosarcoma to avoid diagnostic pitfalls and the importance of repeat biopsy if clinico-radiological suspicion is strong and thus avoiding further complications.