Cavernous hemangioma is a benign vascular tumor related to single or multiple hemangiomas, probably developing from embryonic remnants of angioblastic cells. This entity is very rare and constitutes barely 0.6% of bladder tumors. However its diagnosis can be easily established by cystoscopy and confirmed by pathological examination. Hematuria is the most common mode of manifestation. Bladder hemangioma is most often sporadic, but it can be associated with a KlippelTrenaunay syndrom, in this case they are multiple. Treatment consists of tumor resection. Selective arterial embolisation is rarely used. Endoscopic treatment by photocoagulation Neodymium laser seems a satisfactory therapeutic option.

The study was conducted to assess the extent of seropositivity of Hepatitis C among HIV positive patients at tertiary care hospital in Rajkot from June 2016 to May 2017 and evaluate the need of routine screening for this infection among such patients. The samples were tested for HIV as per Strategy III of National AIDS control organization by using different system of testing to establish diagnosis of HIV. A total of 300 confirmed HIV-positive samples were tested for anti-HCV antibodies by using one step immunochromatographic assay based on the principle of the double antigen-sandwich technique. Out of total 300 HIV positive patients, 69.67% were male and 30.00% were female. Only one was transgender. Out of 300 samples tested, 5(1.67%) were positive for HCV with 2(0.96%) of male and 3(3.33%) of female patients. Highest prevalence was observed among age group 21–30yrs i.e 2(3.77%), while not a single anti-HCV positive case were recorded in age group ≤20 and ≥51 which implies that HIV and HCV infection is more common in younger generation. We believe our data could help health professionals to deal better with HIV infected patients. We also believe our data reinforces the need of prevention programs on HIV transmission, which also lead to reduction in prevalence of Hepatitis C.

Chikungunya Fever is one of the most important arboviral infections of medical significance. It is characterized by an abrupt onset of fever with severe arthralgia followed by constitutional symptoms and rash lasting for 1-7 days. The disease is almost self-limiting and rarely fatal. Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a RNA virus belonging to the family Togaviridae, Genus Alpha virus. Aim of the study is to know the seroprevalence of Chikungunya infection in a Tertiary Care Hospital in Jamnagar, Gujarat, India. A retrospective study was conducted at a Microbiology Department, Shree M.P. Shah Govt. Medical College, Jamnagar, Gujarat. Serum samples were collected from 382 suspected cases of Chikungunya fever and tested for Chikungunya IgM antibodies by ELISA over a 1 year period from July 2017 to June 2018. Of the 382 serum samples tested, 67 (17.54%) were positive for Chikungunya IgM antibodies. Out of these 67 positive samples, males were 30 (44.78%) and females were 37 (55.22%). The most affected age group was 31 to 45 years 22 (32.84%), followed by 16 to 30 years 17 (25.36%). From the present study it can be concluded that the Chikungunya cases are on rise. Hence, Chikungunya has become a major public health problem in India. Favorable mosquitogenic condition during monsoon period is primarily responsible for the rapid spread of Chikungunya. This requires continuous monitoring of the viral circulation in both endemic and nonendemic areas and rapid implementation of Chikungunya control programme. For these infections early detection and access to proper medical care will cause lower fatality rate.

Temporomandibular ankylosis is defined as a permanent constriction of the temporomandibular joint. It can be an articular or juxta-articular origin, and includes various pathologies. We report here an unusual cause of temporo mandibular ankylosis which is an osteochondroma diagnosed by an anatomopathological study of the bone block. A 16-year-old patient who consults for a difficulty in opening the mouth. The clinical examination was without particularities. The cranian scan revealed the presence of a bony block at the right temporo mandibular joint with almost complete disappearance of the joint space.It was the histological examination of the osseous block that led to the diagnosis of osteochondroma.

Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is caused by lymphotropic retrovirus which was first recognised in 1981 and subsequently HIV was discovered in 1983. HIV infection causes derangement in hematopoietic system which directly results in lymphopenia with the progression of disease and leads to decrease in CD4 lymphocytes, which is directly related to prognosis of disease. It is said that other blood cells may also be deranged due to HIV infection leading to anemia, neutropenia or thrombocytopenia. The purpose of this study was to assess various haematological various haematological changes in HIV patients and to correlate the finding with CD4 counts. A total of 50 seropositive patients were studied over a period of 1 year. All patients diagnosed as HIV 1 and 2 were included in the study. Patients with no haematological study or CD4 count were excluded from the study. The hematological parameters included under this study were – Hemoglobin, Total Leucocyte count, Absolute Lymphocyte count, Platelet count, Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV) and CD4 count. In this study 26 (52%) were male and 24 (48%) were females. Majority of cases (50%) were between the age of 30 – 44 years. Decrease in CD4 count correlated with lymphopenia with CD4 count less than 500/µl in majority (88%). Anemia was the commonest abnormality (62%), predominantly normocytic normochromic type. Thrombocytopenia was the least noted (14%). This study reiterated that absolute lymphocyte count is the best correlated parameter with CD4 count in seropositive patients.

Macrocytosis in adults is defined as a red blood cell (RBC) mean corpuscular volume (MCV) >100 FL. Macrocytic anemia is generally classified into megaloblastic and non-megaloblastic anemia. The objective of this study was to assess haematological findings in patients of macrocytic anemia based on complete blood count and peripheral blood smear and to classify them based on clinical, serum vitamin B 12 and folic acid levels .The study was carried out over a period of one year at a tertiary care teaching hospital. 100 patients were selected on simple random sampling with MCV>99 FL and peripheral blood smear showing features of macrocytosis. Out of the 100 patients studied of macrocytic anemia, 55 percent had megaloblastic anemia and remaining 45 percent had non-megaloblastic anemia due to various causes. In our study, megaloblastic anemia was the most common cause of macrocytic anemia and among non- megaloblastic causes liver disorders like hepatitis was the most important cause.

Acinetobacter has emerged as significant hospital pathogen involved in outbreaks of hospital infections, notoriously known to acquire antibiotic resistance to most of the commonly prescribed antimicrobials. Many risk factors are associated with Acinetobacter infections, especially in patients in intensive care unit (ICU). Acinetobacter species tend to be resistant to a variety of antibiotics and thus the infections are difficult to treat. This study aims to isolate Acinetobacter from various clinical samples and to determine its antimicrobial sensitivity pattern. The objectives of the present study were; 1) To isolate Acinetobacter species from various clinical samples. 2) To study their Antibiogram pattern of the Isolated Organisms. A total of 93 Acinetobacter species were isolated from various clinical samples. Identification of Acinetobacter was done on the basis of hemolysis on blood agar, growth at 42ºC, and oxidation fermentation test. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was done as per standard CLSI guidelines (2017). Maximum isolation of Acinetobacter species were from pus or wound swabs 57 (61.29%) followed by sputum and tracheal secretions 21 (22.58%) and urine 15 (16.12%) samples. Most of the strains were sensitive to imipenem (97%), piperacillin-tazobactam (91.39%), and getifloxacin (86%) whereas, maximum resistance was observed to co-trimoxazole (10.75%) and gentamicin (9.67%). Acinetobacter spp. has emerged as a major nosocomial pathogen. Broad-spectrum antibiotics should be used with caution and only after antibiotic susceptibility testing. Early identification and continued surveillance of prevalent organism will help prevent the spread of Acinetobacter in hospital environment. Empirical antibiotic policy should be determined for each hospital according to the resistance rates of that hospital setting.

Sclerosing rhabdomyosarcoma (SRMS) is a very rare subtype of rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) and can lead to diagnostic difficulties especially if one is not advised of this variant. This entity was first described in 2000 by Mentzel and Katenkamp.Morphologically, it is characterized by an abundant hyalinized stroma that may erroneously lead to the diagnosis of extraskeletal chondrosarcoma, sometimes this stroma simulates a primary osteoid or vascular tumor. Thus, it can lead to confusion with osteosarcoma or angiosarcoma. We report here a case of SRMS mimicking a sclerosing epithelioid fibrosarcoma appearing in calves in a 55-year-old man. The tumor cells were arranged in nests, cords with sometimes a pseudovascular features. Immunostaining showed that the tumor was positive for Desmin, SMA and MyoD1, focally positive for myogenin and negative for CK, P63, EMA, S-100, H-caldesmon, CD34, CD31. Based on morphological discovery and immunostaining, he was diagnosed as an SRMS. This is the first case of SRMS to show a strong and diffuse α- SMA highlighting the risk of misdiagnosis as leiomyosarcoma.

Hematological disorders are frequent in all age groups and most of them present with anemia. Bone marrow aspiration is useful and cost effective diagnostic procedure for diagnosis of both neoplastic and non-neoplastic hematological diseases. This study was done to emphasize the crucial role of Bone Marrow Aspiration in diagnosis of hematological disorders. This was a retrospective study carried out in a period of 1 year (July 2016-August 2017). Bone marrow examination of 65 cases of suspected hematological disorders on peripheral blood smear was carried out and clinical history was recorded. We studied total 65 patients among them most common red blood cell pathologies were megaloblastic anemia (56%) followed by mixed erythroid hyperplasia (11%), iron deficiency anemia (6%), normoblastic maturation (6%). All the 5 patients of platelet disorders were diagnosed as Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP). Among WBC pathologies Acute Leukemia (6%) and other Miscellaneous like aleukemic leukemia, leucoerythroblastic reaction & haemophagocytic lymphohistocytosis. Megaloblastic anemia was found to be the most common finding in RBC pathology, in WBC pathology acute leukemia was the most common and among platelets ITP.

Gallbladder is affected by a wide spectrum of diseases ranging from nonneoplastic lesions like congenital anomalies, gallstones and its complications, noninflammatory, inflammatory, to the neoplastic lesions .The aim of the study spectrum of histopathological changes in cholecystitis. The objectives were to study the histomorphology and frequency of various gall bladder diseases among specimens received and to correlate the various types of mucosal responses to different gallstone characteristic (like type, number, size volume and weight). Gall bladder specimen after cholecystectomy of patients who was admitted in ward surgery of BPS GMC, Khanpur Kalan, Sonepat.Place of study:-Department of Pathology, BPS GMC Khanpur Kalan, Sonipat. Study design- Prospective study. Out of 339 cases, two hundred and ninety seven (87.61%) patients studied were females, whereas 42 (12.39%) cases were males. Male to female ratio was 1:7.07. Out of the 339 cases, 234 (69.7%) had mixed stones, followed by pigment 44(13%) cases and cholesterol31 (9.1%) and 27 (8.1%) had no stones. 126 (37%) had single stone, nine had (3%) double and the remaining 195 (58%) had multiple stones. Conclusion: The histopathological spectrum of gallbladder lesions includes chronic cholecystitis and associated mucosal alterations and lesions like metaplasia, dysplasia and carcinoma. Variants of chronic cholecystitis such as xanthogranulomatous, granulomatous and follicular cholecystitis were also noted. To conclude, it was seen that the average weight, volume and size of the gall bladder significantly correlated in increasing order with cholecystitis, hyperplasia, metaplasia and carcinoma.

Mixed ovarian tumors are rare. The association of a granulosa tumor with a mucinous adenocarcinoma is exceptional and has never been reported to our knowledge in the literature. We report the case of a 44 year old patient, who consulted for an abdominal mass. The radiological explorations showed the presence of an enormous ovarian tumor, after hysterectomy the diagnosis of mixed ovarian tumor was made by histological and immunohistochemical study. The treatment is essentially surgical.

The Large Intestine neoplasms are one of the most common neoplasms encountered now a days. It consists of both colon and rectum malignancies. At present it ranks second to bronchogenic carcinoma in most prevalent cancers. Globally 8,00,000 Colo-Rectal Cancer cases are believed to occur and mortality of this is expected to be near 4,50,000. Overall incidence is 10% of all cancers. The present study was undertaken to study neoplastic lesions in the large intestine for the period of twenty-two months. The study consisted of total 65 cases out of which, 46 were surgically resected specimen and 19 were biopsies. Majority of the cases were Adenocarcinomas (61.5%), followed by Mucinous adenocarcinoma (24.6%). Most common location of Colo-Rectal Cancer was rectum (47.7%) followed by sigmoid colon (15.4%). Rare cases like Signet ring cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, Gastrointestinal stromal tumor and lymphoma were also found in the study. Histopathological evaluation is the only confirmatory investigation for diagnosis of such tumors. Present study emphasizes the need for early histopathological diagnosis for appropriate treatment.