This review is about the most prevalent disease Leishmaniasis at the various areas of Pakistan. This paper explains Leishmania as the cause of the disease, geographical distribution of its species, genome, morphology, vector specie, clinical forms, treatment, control and epidemiology of the Leishmania at various provinces and cities of Pakistan and its neighboring countries. The paper briefly concludes the main source of the prevalence of the disease and the precautionary measures that should be taken against Leishmaniasis

Pulmonary pneumocystis (PCP) is a life-threatening opportunistic infection that can occur in non-AIDS immunocompromized patients, mainly in solid organ transplant recipients, in patients with hematological malignancy and those treated for autoimmune or inflammatory diseases. In human, PCP is caused by Pneumocystis jirovecii. Over the last years, advances in cancer treatments (including new drugs, high dose and intensive chemotherapy with bone marrow or stemcell transplantation) and immunomodulation resulted in an increased number of patients with impaired immunity and risk for PCP.

Recent attempts have been made to prove that honey is also a comparable fixative for cytological specimens. It is a natural organic product, odorless and not known to cause any disease. Secondly it is relatively cheaper and not prone to be mishandled, making it an efficient contender for use as a fixative. Our results, therefore, confirmed that honey can safely be used as an alternate to alcohol in cytology specimens. Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology (FNAC) is a useful diagnostic aid in benign and malignant lesions. The diagnostic accuracy of FNAC depends on the sampling technique, fixative used, and quality of staining and of course the meticulosity of interpretation by the pathologist. The widely used fixative in this procedure is 95 % Alcohol which although readily available, has a number of limitations for use. It is expensive and hence subject to pilferage. Also, it is a volatile liquid with an irritant smell and is said to be carcinogenic. In this study, we analyzed and compared the efficacy of cytological smears fixed in 95% alcohol and 20% honey solution. The results of our study showed no statistical significant difference in the fixative properties of honey and alcohol.