Gram negative bacteria (GNB) is the most common causative agent for morbidities and mortalities in leukemic patient, because of their receiving immunosuprresive chemotherapeutic agents, aggressive devices like catheters used for giving them those treatments and Hospitalization, in addition to GNB increasing resistance to many of antibiotics. The study include isolation of GNB from blood samples of leukemia patients and identification of GNB species isolated from those samples then testing its susceptibility to 15 antibiotics, moreover, calculating Procalcitonin (PCT) concentration in the samples as immunological marker to detect bacteremia in those patients. The results show presence of 9 GNB species in blood samples of leukemia patients including: Enterobacter cloacae, E. sakazakii, Serratia marcescens, S. ficaria, S. liquifaciens, S. rubideae, S. odorefera, Klebsiella oxytoca, and Pseudomonas fluorescens. The most common species was E. cloacae followed by E. sakazakii. The higher effective antibiotics were Ciprofloxacin, Gentamicin and Amikacin; also PCT concentrations were ranged between (0.1 and 8.23) ng.ml-1. The study concluded that Gram negative bacteremia was common causative agent for infections in Leukemia Patients, Enterobacteriacae was the the most common GNB causing infection, and the Most effective antibiotic for it were Ciprofloxacin, Gentamicin, and Amikacin which can be used as prophylactic therapies for those infections.

Integrase (IN) is an important enzyme for the replication of the type-1 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV- 1), and an essential target for the development of anti-HIV drugs. The enzyme is currently targeted by first and secondgeneration inhibitors [raltegravir (RAL), elvitegravir (EVG) and dolutegravir (DTG)]. Of these, resistance to RAL and EVG are associated with three main pathways involving key mutations at positions N155H, Q148K/R/H, and Y143R/C within the IN gene. Although new resistance mutations appear to confer only low levels of cross-resistance to secondgeneration drugs (DTG), the Q148 pathway with numerous secondary mutations has the potential to significantly decrease susceptibility to all inhibitors of IN. In order to get insights into the development of IN resistance to first and second generation inhibitors using in silicoapproaches, in this study, one of the clinically essential mutant (MT)-Q148R of IN was modeled and docked with inhibitors. The MT model was built using the template and wild type (WT) 4E1M of HIV-1 integrase. Docking results indicate that in MT-Q148R the score was lower with respect to all inhibitors in comparison to the WT. In this study, the MT-Q148R of IN from HIV-1 displayed low affinity, this could be attributed to less number of interactions principally hydrogen and halogen bonds with the inhibitors (DTG, EVG and RAL), compared to the WT. Therefore, it can be suggested that the MT could not bind efficiently with inhibitors owing to its structural changes due to substitution to mediate its inhibitory activity and eventually leads to DTG, EVG and RAL resistance.

Special stains are dyes that are used for special purpose and are not used routinely in a histopathology laboratory. They are of special interest in research and diagnostic. Most of the special stains are synthetic stains and are composed of harmful chemicals. Continuous and regular exposure to them possesses serious risks to health. Many of the synthetic special stains are found to be genotoxic, mutagenic, immunotoxic and carcinogenic. Their safe handling and disposal is very important from the point of view of health and environmental safety. This review focuses on the effects of the chemical dyes on human health.

Keratinophilic fungi are ecologically and epidemiologically significant group of fungi that cycle one of the most abundant and highly stable animal proteins on earth - keratin. Keratinophilic fungi exemplify a vast biodiversity of form, habitat and substrates. However, studies are rather meager in wetland agroecosystems and the present work has been undertaken to record the presence of keratinophilic fungi in a wetland agroecosystem in Kerala, India. Altogether, a total of 38 species of fungi comprising 22 genera were identified from the 120 soil samples collected from different areas of oil palm agricultural fields in the wetland agroecosystem from July 2015 to July 2016. A total of 11 fungi were recorded throughout the study irrespective of seasons. North East monsoon season fetched more fungi (30 species) followed by early summer (29 species), late summer (19 species) and south west monsoon season (18 species). It is clear from the results that soils of Vembanadu wetland agroecosystem provides ideal environment for the growth of keratinophilic fungi and dermatophytes which is be attributed to the high organic debris and keratinous substrates like rodent hair and feathers from birds and other animals and plant litter present in these soils. Thus the presence of these fungi which are human and animal pathogens are considered as bioindicators of environmental pollution with keratinous substrate which can pose risk of human and animal mycoses in the region.

Lymph node swellings are a common clinical presentation in the hospital outpatient departments. Such swellings may be easily investigated by Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) which is safe and yields a rapid diagnosis. Moreover, in developing countries like India where Tuberculosis (TB) is a continual problem, patients frequently present with manifestation of extra pulmonary TB, in which Lymph nodes (LNTB) are predominantly involved. This study was undertaken to assess the cytological spectrum of lymph node pathologies in relation to age, sex and site, with special emphasis on tuberculous lymphadenitis. The study was conducted in a tertiary care teaching hospital for a period of one year. All patients presenting with superficial lymph node swellings were subjected to Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology (FNAC) and categorized according to the diagnosis, age and sex of patient. The data was entered in SPSS V.21 and analyzed. Of the 420 patients presenting with lymphadenopathy, 34.04% were LNTB (Granulomatous Lymphadenopathy) and rest were non LNTB. Among the LNTB 13.99% were children and 86.01 % were adults. Neck nodes (51.05%) were the predominant involvement of LNTB both among children and adults. The peak age group presenting with lymphadenopathies was 40-49.