Background: Ferritin is a soluble protein which provides intracellular storage of bioavailable iron. It is found primarily in Liver, bone marrow macrophages, spleen. Ferritin is measured by ELISA, RIA and Mass spectrometry. The main aim of this study is to etiologically categorise extreme hyperferritinemia (serum ferritin > 10000 microg/L). Methodology and Results: This is 05 years retrospective study (July -2018 to June 2023), conducted in hematology section, MMCH, KSA. Out of 34 cases of extreme hyperferritinemia, viral infection was the most common cause comprising 41% of all cases. Amongst the infectious etiology, 6 cases of EBV, 3 cases of ALF of suspected viral etiology, 2 cases of PIDS with secondary infection, 1 case each of Hepatitis A virus and CMV noted. 10 cases presented as Macrophage Activating syndrome comprising 29% of total cases of which 70 were Systemic Juvenile Idiopathic arthritis and remaining 30% includes SLE and juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Discussion: Study conducted by Dondu et al., indicate that the most common causes of hyperferritinemia are rheumatologic diseases and infections, which were identified in 59.1 and 27.3%, respectively. Present study showed infective etiology as the most common cause of extreme hyperferritinemia. Reasons for differences in results are because other studies were conducted in Adult patients and in Rheumatologic department. Conclusion: Our study formulated a systematic investigating pathway for raised serum ferritin. If the laboratory screening tests, BMA and other sophisticated tests are done in systematic way, then challenging cases can be diagnosed easily.

Klebsiella pneumonia is an opportunistic pathogen causes several diseases including sepsis, pneumonia, and wound infections. There are two pathotypes of Klebsiella pneumonia: classical K. pneumoniae (cKp) and hypervirulent K. pneumonia (hvkp), which is an emerging variant of (ckp), clinically distinguished by invasive and multiple site infections. K.pneumoniae is also responsible for majority of human infections, and can infected healthy members of the community and hospitalized patients. A total 150 samples were collected from different hospitals in Kirkuk city during the period between November 2021 to June 2022. The age of patients ranged between (1– 60) years old with both sexes. These samples were highly recovered from females with a rate 66.67% compared to the males 33.33%. Thirty K. pneumonia (20%) was recovered from different clinical specimens including urine, sputum, burn and wound swabs. The current study reported that females are more likely to be infected with K. pneumoniae than man. Likewise, the most common age group infected with K.pneumoniae was between (20-40) with a rate of 63.33%. K.pneumoniae was commonly recovered from inpatients 53.33% compared with outpatients (46.67%). Antibiotic susceptibility test was conducted to all the isolates by using disc diffusion test towards 8 antimicrobial agents. Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates showed multiple resistance against 3 or more of different antibiotic groups such as gentamicin 93%, ampicillin 96% and amoxicillin –clavulanate 90%, cefotaxime 83%, ceftazidime 96%, meropenem 36%, levofloxacin 76 %and gentamicin 93 %. K. pneumoniae isolated from inpatients and from sputum samples were more resistance to various kinds of antibiotics.

Background: The enzyme arginase plays a significant role in the growth of many organisms as important biological enzyme. Objective: The study was designed to isolate L-arginase from P. aeruginosa that isolated from sewages and to evaluate the influence of arginase on biofilm-generating bacteria. Materials and Methods: The current study includes 28(54.8%) isolates from soil with 24 (46.2%) from sewage water out of 52 isolated from soil and sewage for the purpose of obtaining Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Using standard laboratory methods to isolate Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 33 isolates were isolated, of which 15 (45.45%) were from soil and 18 (54.54%) from sewage. The study also included 177 different eyes (urinary fluid, excrement, blood, wounds, sputum, and cerebrospinal fluid) of patients suffering from various injuries. Results: The statistical analysis of the isolates indicated that there is a high significant (P≤0.01) for the growth of some types of bacteria, such as P. aeruginosa 30(16.89%), Klebsiella, Serratia 33(18.88%) and Acinetobacter 33(18.88%). While the results showed that Lactobacillus is the lowest number of isolates 7(3.9%). Optimum condition of arginase activity and stability comprising pH level of eight degrees, the temperature of 37℃ is the best conditions for the production of arginine, concentrations of L-arginine substrate (0.1-2.5)g/l on the activity of arginase enzyme for arginine production, The finding also shows that the arginase enzyme exhibited the highest activity after 96 hours of the incubation process L- arginase Purification Assay including Ammonium Sulphate precipitation in (60-80)%, Dialysis, Ion exchange chromatography, Gel filtration. Conclusions: This study concluded that the enzyme arginase had a significant effect on the strong biofilm of pathogenic bacteria.

Background: Antimicrobial resistance in Enterococcus species is a growing global concern. These bacteria, commonly found in the human gut, have resisted multiple antibiotics, making infections harder to treat. This poses a significant challenge for healthcare as it limits treatment options and highlights the urgent need for responsible antibiotic use and the development of new therapies. Aim of the study: The study aimed to determine the antimicrobial resistance pattern of Enterococcus Species at a tertiary care hospital in Bangladesh. Methods: This cross-sectional research occurred at Sample collected from deferent laboratories situated in rangpur and test/research perform, Department of Microbiology in prime institute of science and medical technology (PRISMET), Rangpur During March’ 2022 to March’ 2023. It spanned one year from [start date] to [end date]. The primary goal was to evaluate the antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of enterococci. Throughout the study, 1,450 samples were collected from various sources, including urine, blood, pus, swabs, and fluids. However, only 62 Enterococci isolates were successfully obtained. Standard microbiological protocols, such as microscopy and culture, were rigorously followed during sample processing. All clinical samples received at the Microbiology laboratory during the study were considered for inclusion. Data analysis was conducted using Microsoft Excel and presented with tables and graphs, while SPSS was employed for statistical analysis. Result: The study population primarily consisted of patients aged 36-75 (77.42%), averaging 52.01 years. Gender distribution was skewed towards males (59.68%). Enterococcus spp. They have dominated the microbial species (64.52%), with E. faecalis (14.52%) and E. faecium (11.29%) being prevalent. Urine samples were the most common (66.13%), followed by pus (11.29%) and swab (9.68%). Antibiotic susceptibility analysis showed varying results, with amoxicillin being sensitive in 87.10% of cases, while Cefixime, Ceftazidime, Ceftriaxone, and Cefotaxime exhibited over 96% resistance. Conclusion: This study highlights the rise of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in Enterococcus species at a Bangladeshi tertiary care hospital. Once harmless, these bacteria now pose a severe risk to public health. Our research shows that E. faecalis and E. faecium have become resistant to many common antibiotics, particularly cephalosporins, urging immediate antibiotic stewardship and infection control. To combat this global health threat, we must explore novel treatments and employ a multidisciplinary approach to protect patients and healthcare systems from Enterococcus infections.