Infections are frequent complications of hospitalization. Nosocomial infections or healthcare associated infections or hospital acquired infections are endogenous or exogenous infections which a patient acquires either during hospitalization or soon after discharge from the hospital. Hospitals and hospital-like settings tend to gather many sick under one roof and hence, serve as a reservoir of numerous infectious agents. These overcrowded healthcare settings with inability to maintain hygienic conditions are threat not only to the patients but also to the healthcare workers. Increasing population of immune-compromised patients including the aged-ones, unsafe medical care, surgical procedure, injections, transplants are some of the major causes of spread of nosocomial infections. Nosocomial infections have severe adverse effects. It leads to emotional stress, functional disability and even death in certain cases. Mortality caused by nosocomial infections in India is more than any other form of accidental death. It also prolongs the hospital stays and adds to the economic burden of managing the underlying disease. The active cooperation of the Healthcare workers for better implementation of the existing preventive and control measures along with the technical advances will contribute much to fight against the nosocomial infections.

Background and Objectives: The rates of Cardiac implantable electronic device (CIED) infections are increasing worldwide due to the increased use of these devices. (CIED) infection is a serious complication that is associated with increased mortality, morbidity and healthcare costs. There is a need to investigate data on the microbiology of CIED infections since it is poorly documented in Saudi Arabia. We aimed to determine microbiological findings of CIED infections in our region. Methods and Results: The study was carried out in cardiology departments at different centers in Saudi Arabia. Our population consisted of all patients with device-related infections over a period of eleven years from January 2009 to December 2020. It was resulting in 137 patients with device infection. Blood cultures and device material swabs were obtained. Staphylococcus aureus was the most common isolated pathogen (37.2%). particularly, coagulase-negative Staphylococcus aureus in 15.3% of cases, Methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) in 13.9% of cases and Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in 8% of cases. Brucella accounted for 9.5% of cases. Negative cultures of CIED infections seemed to be a critical issue over the studied years. Conclusion: Staphylococcus aureus was the most frequently isolated pathogen and Brucella is a considerable pathogen for CIED infections in our country.

Many individuals are exposed to bacteria especially those who are raising pets. This interaction between household pets such as cats and dogs and human gives the chance for bacteria to transmit easily. Thereby, these bacteria could transfer from pet’s food and scratching to the owners. In this review, a bacteria gene transmission between pets and human is introduced and discussed. This transmission is happened due to the raising and owning these small animals. In addition, studies on Zoonotic diseases transfer between humans and animals especially pets are presented. Furthermore, the risk of pet ownership by people is reviewed and how should they interact with each other. Also, researches on how Antimicrobial-resistant pathogenic bacteria transmitting between human and pets are discussed. Eventually, gene transfer types between human and pet are explained with their consequences.

Scrap cytology is emerging technique for diagnosing oral lesion. Oral cancer results from various viral infections, oral leukoplakia, and submucosal fibrosis. Scrap cytology assist in identifying these malignant and premalignant lesions. Herein, we present a case of a 70 years old male with complaint of pain and multiple ulceration in right oral mucosa. After proper intraoral examination & scrap cytology smears and microbiological investigations diagnosis of HSV cytopathic effect was given. This case report expands the morphologic spectrum of premalignant oral lesions and emphasizes the need to consider scrap cytology as a useful tool for oral lesions.

Rosai-Dorfman disease is a rare, idiopathic, benign, histiocytic proliferation, usually seen in children and younger adults. Most common site of involvement is cervical lymph node. However, extra nodal manifestations are seen in significant proportion of cases.This case report discusses the unusual presentation of Rosai-Dorfman disease as mass lesion involving bilateral nasal cavities, paranasal sinuses and orbit along with multiple deposits in dura and cervical lymph node.

Introduction: Up to 25% of healthy adults exhibit cutaneous colonization by Acinetobacter and are the most common Gram-negative bacteria carried on the skin of hospital personnel. They are opportunistic pathogens causes a number of outbreaks of infections but their predominant role is in intensive care units. Such infections are often difficult to treat because of widespread resistance to the major groups of antibiotics. Materials and Methods: Various samples were collected aseptically and transported immediately to the bacteriology laboratory. The pathogens were identified by standard laboratory procedures including Gram’s staining, motility, culture, colony characters and biochemical reactions. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed by modified Kirby Bauer method as per the CLSI guidelines. Result: 128 (3.11%) Acinetobacter spp. were isolated from 4112 specimens. Out of these, 72 from general wards and 46 from ICU and 10 from opd. Males (59.37%) are predominant than females (40.62%). The isolates sensitivite to Meropenem (83.59%) followed by Pipracillin-tazobactum (66.41%), Tetracycline (58.59%). Maximum resistance was observed to Cefotaxime (93.75%) followed by Ceftazidime (92.19%) & Cefepime (89.06%). Conclusions: Acinetobacter are the “superbugs” of the modern hospital environment causing significant infections in specific patient populations, especially in patients of ICU which are prone to cause infections due to over use of broad spectrum antibiotics. Awareness to maintain good housekeeping, equipment decontamination, strict attention to hand washing, isolation procedures and control of antibiotic usage, especially in high-risk areas, appear most likely measures to control the spread of Acinetobacter spp. in hospitals.