of the jaws. Rather than true neoplasm, odontomas are considered to be hamartomas. Usually odontomas are found to be asymptomatic, although a few incidences of swelling, delayed eruption of permanent tooth and in severe cases, infection or lymphadenopathy has been reported. Multiple complex odontomas pose a therapeutic challenge in some cases especially in the mandible due to proximity of vital anatomic structures. They have also been associated with complications like cystic transformation. Here we are presenting a case of multiple complex odontomas in the maxilla and mandible in a 32-year-old male patient.

Introduction: Insular carcinoma is a rare tumour with frequent tumour necrosis and micro follicles. Materials and Methods: Female patients with swelling in front of neck, USG and FNAC were carried out. FNAC showing follicular neoplasm were followed up with histopathology and 2 cases are presented here. Observation: Two female cases with swelling in front of neck with cytology depicting follicular neoplasm were studied. Discussion: Insular carcinoma of thyroid arises from follicular epithelium hence have abortive follicles with necrosis. Its prognosis lies between well and poorly differentiated thyroid carcinoma. Conclusion: It is necessary to recognize the tumour for better prognosis.

Rhizoctonia spp. which was earlier considered a minor disease causing pathogen under Punjab conditions now is a major threat to crops grown in Punjab. The present study investigated the morphological and cultural variations in Rhizoctonia population, pathogenic behaviour and extent of genetic differentiation between infecting populations of R. solani from different hosts. By species specific primers, Rhizoctonia species in Punjab were identified as R. solani (87.8 %), R. oryzae (11.1%) and R. oryzae-sativae (1.1 %). Morphological characterization of Rhizoctonia spp. based on the growth rate, colour of mycelium and sclerotial characters. A high degree of variation among these R. solani isolates was established. Potato isolates belonging to the different geographic areas of the state were clustered together and cotton isolates also related. R. solani isolates from maize, rice, wheat and chilli formed two major cluster groups. The molecular data on AG specific primers revealed that 46.8% of the isolates belonged to AG1-1A, while AG1-1B (10.1%), AG2-1 (13.9%), AG3 (12.7%). Using interspecific sequence repeat primers, isolates were clustered into three major groups (I, II, III). Group III consisted of isolates, mostly from Ludhiana irrespective of the hosts, indicating existence of genetic similarity among these isolates. Isolates were also found to partially group according to place of origin and the host. Further a partial relationship between the level of severity on rice was observed. The diversity and relatedness in hosts of R. solani isolates from Punjab indicates the need to consider the cropping pattern to reduce the inocula in the soil.

Background: Central Nervous System tumours are diverse group of neoplasms affecting brain and spinal cord and are graded from WHO grade I to IV from less to more severity. The incidence of CNS tumours has increased in recent years in both developed and developing countries. Materials and Methods: A total of 100 CNS cases were studied and evaluated from July 2014 to July 2016 in the Department of Pathology, K S Hegde Charitable Hospital. Patient’s data was retrieved from the records. The operated specimen was histopathologically evaluated and diagnosis of CNS tumour was made with WHO grading. The data collected was analysed using statistical tools by SPSS software version 21.0. Results: The study group consisted of 100 cases of CNS tumours. Intracranial tumours accounted for 84% and spinal cord tumours were 16%. The age distribution of the patients with CNS tumours ranged from 21 days to 78 years with mean age of 47.16 years. Males (59%) were commonly affected with male to female ratio of 1.44:1. Adults (93%) were more commonly affected than paediatric age group. In the study period from July 2014 to July 2016, a total of 7800 specimens were received in histopathology, among which 100 CNS tumours were encountered. Majority of them were in WHO grade I (66.67%). Local invasion and recurrence was seen in 22.2% (4 cases each). Metastasis (6 cases) (6%) was equally distributed between brain (50%) and spinal cord (50%).They were WHO Grade IV. The primary of the metastatic tumours to brain encountered were from breast, renal cell carcinoma and colon. Metastasis to spinal cord was from lung carcinoma and plasmacytoma. 20% were WHO Grade II and remaining 7.33% was WHO Grade III. Conclusion: The incidence of metastasis to CNS has been increasing in recent years. A general awareness of clinical manifestations of CNS tumours, along with usage of advanced radiological techniques lead to early precise diagnosis and proper management.

Background: Sickle cell anaemia (SCA) is a major public health issue in Sub-Saharan Africa, including Nigeria. Transfusion of red blood cells is an essential therapeutic modality in SCA. Repeated RBC transfusions can cause alloimmunization resulting in haemolytic transfusion reactions, transfusion refractoriness among other complications. Aims and Objectives: The study aimed to determine the prevalence and specificities of immune erythrocyte alloantibodies among adult patients with SCA compared with healthy HbAA blood donors in Uyo, South-South Nigeria. Materials and Methods: All participants were interviewed using a structured questionnaire to obtain information on bio- data, blood transfusion history and other relevant SCA history. Antibody screening and identification were carried out using tube agglutination method with commercially made panel of cells. Results: A total of 160 subjects were studied. They were made up of 80 SCA patients and 80 healthy HbAA blood donors. Prevalence of red cell alloimmunization among multi-transfused patients with SCA was observed to be 11.3%. Alloantibodies identified were mainly against Rh antigens contributing 66.7% (anti-E 22.2%, anti-C 22.2%, anti-D 11.1% and anti-e 11.1%). Antibodies directed against Kell and Lutheran blood group antigens together constituted 33.3%. No antibody was detected in the controls. Advancing age (30 years and above) and ABO blood group were statistically associated with alloimmunization (P values of 0.043 and 0.013, respectively). Conclusion: Repeated blood transfusion is associated with the development of alloantibodies. Immunohaematologic tests in transfusion care of SCA patients should be improved to include extended red cell phenotyping and routine alloantibody screening and identification.

Background: Thyroid diseases are considered the commonest endocrine disorders worldwide. Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) is the mosteasy, reliable screening test in diagnosing thyroid lesions. Objectives: To determine the frequency of Bethesda system diagnostic categories and cyto-histopathological correlation of FNAC results. Material and methods: This study comprised 488 thyroid FNA smears. cyto-histopathological correlation was conducted on surgically excised cases. Results: Out of 488 of thyroid FNAC smears, thyroidectomy was done for one hundred cases. Sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV and accuracy of FNAC were 82.8%, 94%, 88.9%, 90.4% and 89.9% respectively. Conclusion: FNAC is a highly sensitive and specific method in diagnosing different thyroid lesions.

Ovotesticular disorder of sex development (DSD) refers to the co-presence of testicular and ovarian tissue in one individual. Here we report a case of Ovotesticular Disorder of Sex Development in a 42 years old male, presented with abdominal mass and undescended testes who had a normal karyotype. Gonadal dysgenesis should always be kept a possibility in patient with undescended testis. Diagnosis relies on clinical findings, hormonal analysis, gonadal histology, chromosome analysis, and genetic testing.

Background: COVID -19 has wide range of presentation, from asymptomatic infection to severe viral pneumonia and death. D-dimer >1μg/ml is one of the risk factors for mortality. CT chest plays an important role in early detection and monitoring of disease. Objectives: 1. To compare D-dimer value and CT chest findings in Covid-19 patients. 2. To study platelet count, PT, aPTT and CRP in Covid-19 patients. Methodology: RT-PCR confirmed Covid- 19 patients admitted in hospital investigated with D-dimer and CT chest were included in the study. Case details retrieved from medical records. Venous blood collected and plasma processed in coagulation analyser for PT, aPTT, INR and D-dimer. Platelet count was performed using auto analyser. CT findings were retrieved from radiology software (PACS). Statistical tests used were mean, percentage and Fisher’s exact test (SPSS Version 20). Results: During study period of January-June 2021, 38 patients were included. Mean age was 51.1±15.6 years and M:F ratio 2.8:1. 65.8% patients had comorbidities (25/38). D-dimer elevated in 60.5% (23/38) patients. CT showed 10.53%, 28.94%, 60.53% of patients had affected lungs of <15%, 15%-49% and ≥50% of the total area and showed significant association with D- dimer (P=0.018). 17.4% (4/23) patients with elevated D-dimer did not survive. 15.8% (6/38) patients had low platelet, 23.7% (9/38) had abnormal PT, 70.3% had abnormal aPTT and 89.5% (34/38) had elevated CRP. There was no significant correlation between platelet, PT, aPTT, CRP and D-dimer. Conclusion: D-Dimer is elevated in COVID -19 patients and shows significant association with lung involvement and can be used as prognostic marker.