Background: Covid-19 is caused by SARS-CoV-2 that effect human respiratory system. This has led to create pandemic situation throughout the world and became the reason for millions of deaths worldwide. For securing the lives of people pharmaceutical companies has rushed to develop vaccines. Some of the notable vaccines being developed include Sinopharm, Sinovac Pfizer, Moderna, Astrazeneca and Cansino. The efficacy of these vaccines varies however the companies claim 70-80% efficacy rate of these vaccines. The current study aims to determine and compare the efficacy of Covid-19 vaccines before and during the fourth wave of Covid-19 in Pakistan. The questionnaire-based survey throughout Pakistan was conducted via google survey form and data was recorded. 1050 responses were recorded in total. The data reveals that most commonly used vaccines in Pakistan were Sinopharm and Sinovac, Cansino. The overall efficacy of all vaccines was 96% before the fourth wave of Covid-19. Whereas, the efficacy of these vaccines got a major drop to 72.4% as soon as the fourth wave emerged in Pakistan.

Hepatic hemangioma is the most common benign hepatic tumor. Ultrasound is sufficient for diagnosis. Otherwise, magnetic resonance imaging is necessary. Surgical resection is indicated only in the rare case of complications or disabling functional impairment. We report the case of a hepatic hemangioma initially diagnosed as a gastrointestinal stromal tumor of the stomach, in which surgical resection allowed the disappearance of the painful epigastric symptomatology.

Dentigerous cyst is a developmental odontogenic cyst that encloses the crown of an unerupted tooth. Dentigerous cyst linings were found to have the potential to transform into ameloblastoma. Two distinct examples of ameloblastoma developing in the wall of a dentigerous cyst are described here.