Herbal remedies are widely utilized as therapeutic approaches for different medical conditions all over the globe. Various chemical herbicides and pesticides, including the organic and inorganic Sulphur compounds, benzimidazoles, imazalil, and oxidizing compounds, have just been proposed to handle the diseases in plants in recent years to achieve this goal. Anti-inflammatory, antihyperlipidemic, anticancer, and oxidative, analgesics, anorexiant, plasmid curing, and antihyperglycemic properties prominent in medicinal plants. The leaves of another medicinal plant , Dracocephalum moldavica have been used for the treatment of stomach and liver disorders, headaches and congestion. Different plants also exhibit the multiple action against variety of microbial pathogens. Baccharis trimera used against the infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella gallinarum and Escherichia coli, Bacillus cereus strains. Ascorbic acid (vitamin C), carotenoids, tocopherol (vitamin E), and plant phenolic compounds are examples of low-molecular-weight compounds, non-enzymatic anti - oxidants obtained from nutrition. Bilirubin, serotonin, lipoic acid, ketoacids, uric acid, sex hormones, coenzyme Q, and other low-molecular-mass antioxidant chemicals are produced in vivo.

Introduction: Nonfermenting gram-negative bacilli (NFGNB) are a taxonomically diverse group of aerobic, nonsporing, bacilli that either do not utilize glucose as a source of energy or utilize it oxidatively. They occur as saprophytes in the environment and some are also found as commensals in the human gut. In recent year NFGNB have emerged as important health care associated pathogens. They have been incriminated in infections such as bacteremia, meningitis, pneumonia, urinary tract infections, surgical site infections, wound infections, osteomyelitis etc. Materials and method: During Nine Month study period, various samples were collected aseptically and transported immediately to the bacteriology laboratory. The pathogens were identified by standard laboratory procedures including Gram’s staining, motility, culture, colony characters and biochemical reactions. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed by modified Kirby Bauer method as per the CLSI guidelines using Muller-Hinton agar and available antibiotic disks. Result: A total number of 312 NFGNB were isolated from 4112 clinical samples. Most frequently isolates NFGNB were Pseudomonas aeruginosa (42.62%) and Acinetobacter spp. (25.32%). NFGNB isolates were more common in males (58.33%) as compared to females (41.67%). Maximum sensitivity was seen to Polymyxin B (100%), Meropenem (83.45) in Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Meropenem (78.48%), Pipracillin-tazobactum (62.02%) in Acinetobacter spp. Conclusion: NFGNB are emerging as important pathogens and shows resistance to commonly used antibiotics. Minimized use of available antimicrobial, regular use antimicrobial susceptibility surveillance and strict infection control measures are required to control this emerging antimicrobial resistance among NFGNB.

Background: Coronary artery disease is a known entity of morbidity and mortality in industrialised countries. It is a major public health problem around the world. Coronary artery disease increase incidence in Indian population at least 10 years before in age than other ethnic groups. There are a numbers of factors associated with atherosclerosis the most important one is dyslipidemia. Recent studies suggest that over the span of 20 years, the total amount of triglycerides, cholesterol and Low Density Lipoproteins (LDL) `levels is usually increased in young urban populations. So, a study was performed out to know the prevalence of dyslipidemia in urban North Indians among different set of age groups. Methods: This is a descriptive cross-sectional study which was carried out on patients visiting to the blood collection centre of the Department of Pathology. Patients were divided into 3 groups with age 18 year to 40 year, 41 year to 60 year and >60 year by involving 1989 subjects of whom 532 were between 18 year to 40 year, 522 were between 41year to 60 year and 935 were > 60 year of age. This study included measurement of fasting serum lipid profile comprising of, Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL), High Density Lipoproteins (HDL), Triglycerides and total cholesterol. Results: Number of subjects studied, the prevalence of dyslipidemia was higher in <60 years age population. A remarkable difference in mean was observed statistically with the levels of triglycerides, LDL and total cholesterol of this age group ranging from 18- 40 years and for those who are >60 years. A remarkable difference for the levels of HDL was not found in age group between 18 – 40 years and > 40 years to 60 years. Mean cholesterol level was observed to be elevated between the age group 18 – 40 years. The mean peak triglycerides were observed in age group between 41-60 years. This elevated mean HDL levels were noticed in the age group who are > 60 years of age. Conclusions: Elevated percentage of dyslipidemia was observed in less than 60yrs age groups. Large population study is required to substantiate the results of this study. It is necessary to plan out comprehensive strategies for the screening and awareness in all ages on periodic basis.

Introduction: Helicobacter pylori colonization of the human gastric mucosa potentially leads to chronic gastritis that may progress to peptic ulcer disease. Additionally, this micro-organism has been identified as a risk factor for the development of gastric carcinoma and gastric lymphoma. Its relation with non-ulcer dyspepsia has not been clear. Objective: To assess the diagnostic usefulness of stool antigen test with serum Helicobacter pylori antibody and CLO test in the diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection in dyspeptic patients. Materials and Methods: This was a cross sectional study was conducted in the Department of Microbiology, Sylhet M.A.G. Osmani Medical College in collaboration with the Department of Gastroenterology Sylhet M.A.G. Osmani Medical College, Sylhet from July 2012 to June 2013. The calculated sample size was 196 but in this study we took 150 patients due to financial constrain and time limitation. Patients upper GI tract for dyspepsia and whoever fulfilled the inclusion and exclusion criteria were considered as study sample. All the findings, previous history and reports of investigations were recorded in a preformed data collection sheet prepared for this purpose. The patient with clinical features suggestive of dyspepsia was selected for upper GI endoscopy. Results: For this purpose, 150 dyspeptic patients fulfilling the inclusion and exclusion criteria were enrolled. The age of the patients ranged from 18 to 80 years with the mean age of 43.35 (SD ± 16.30) years. There were 32 (21.3%) patients in the age group of 21 to 30 years, 31 (20.7%) patients in the age group of 31 to 40 years, 30 (20.0%) patients in the age group of 41-50 years, 26 (17.3%) patients in the age group of 51-60 years, 21 (14.0%) patients in the age group of above 60 years and 10 (6.7%) patients in the age group up to 20 years. There were 93 (62.0%) male and 57 (38.0%) female with a ratio of male to female was 163:1. Showed the distribution of patients according to endoscopic findings. Endoscopic findings was normal in 85 (56.7%) patients, duodenal ulcer in 26 (17.3%) patients, gastritis in 23 (15.3%) patients, and gastric ulcer in 16 (10.7%) patients. The distribution of patients according to CLO test. CLO test was positive in 97 (64.7%) patients and negative in 53 (35.3%) patients. The patients according to serum Helicobacter pylori antibody by ELISA. Serum Helicobacter pylori antibody was positive in 101 (67.3%) patients and negative in 49 (32.7%) patients. Stool antigen test was positive in 73 (48.7%) patients and negative in 77 (51.3%) patients. Using CLO test as the gold standard the sensitivity and specificity of stool antigen test in the diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection was 72.7% and 94.3% respectively. Positive and negative predictive values were 95.9% and 64.9% respectively. The overall accuracy was 80.0%. There was moderate agreement between the two test (Kappa, k=0.603; p<0.001). Using CLO test as the gold standard in the diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection the sensitivity and specificity of serum Helicobacter pylori antibody was 89.7% and 82.2% respectively. Positive and negative predictive values were 86.1% and 79.6% respectively. The overall accuracy was 84.0%. There was a substantial agreement between the two test (Kappa, k=0.644; p<0.001). Conclusion: The overall accuracy was 80.0%. There was good agreement between the two test (Kappa, k=0.603). Using CLO test as the gold standard in the diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection this study showed that the sensitivity and specificity of serum Helicobacter pylori antibody was 89.7% and 82.2% respectively. Positive and negative predictive values were 88.7% and 100.0% respectively. The overall accuracy was 84.0%. In conclusion comparing CLO test (invasive) is still the superior to stool antigen and serology (non-invasive), both of which is going very close to each other in the diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection in dyspeptic patients.