Obesity or overweight is defined as the generalized accumulation of excess adipose tissue (fat) in the body resulting in an increase of more than 20 percent of the desirable weight. According to the WHO obesity has spread worldwide affecting over 300 million adults over 115 million people in developing countries. Obesity is a hindrance leading to breathlessness on moderate exertion and leads many dreadful diseases like hypertension. Diabetes, fatty liver, heart diseases, gallbladder and osteoarthritis of joints. It invites disability, disease and premature deaths. It is a chronic disease. In the literature, we observe a number of causes and factors responsible for obesity. Obesity is more common in Kashmir valley due to faulty dietary practices and accepting sedentary life style. It is our duty to maintain weight of our body at an early stage of life otherwise life expectancy may decrease. In the present study, we examine 400 adolescents from the district Anantnag of Kashmir valley at random using appropriate statistical technique to identify the common causes of obesity and to assess the food habits of the studied population. The data collected was analysed using suitable statistical tools. The results obtained in this study revealed that obesity is significantly correlated with factors like Socioeconomic status, Gender and Parental education of an individual.

Seaweed known was macroalgae are among the most important primary producers and act as ecological engineers on rocky coasts of the world’s oceans. They are primary producers, shelter, nursery grounds and food source for marine organisms. Seaweed are not only of high ecological, but also of great economic importance. The present study deals with the distribution of seaweed, during the sea shore survey conducted in the Manapad coastal region of Tuticorin district, Tamilnadu. During the study period, a total of 20 species of seaweed were recorded. Among them Sargassum sp., Padina sp., Gracilaria sp., Gelidium sp., Hypnea sp., and Amphiroa sp., were present throughout the study period.

The aim of this study was to isolate Staphylococcus aureus from samples of raw bovine milk obtained from different farms and to determine their antibiotic susceptibility patterns. A total of 144 milk samples were collected and screened for the presence of S. aureus. Antibiotic susceptibility was determined qualitatively using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. Piperacillin showed maximum resistance rate 62.90%, 61% isolates were resistant to Ceftazidime, 50% to Cephalothin, 48.38% to Gentamicin, 46.77% to Novobiocin, 43.54% to Amikacin and 40.32% to Cetoperazone. Only 9.67% of the isolates were found resistant to Erythromycin. S. aureus is normally resident in humans, therefore, the S. aureus present in cows may have resulted from transmission between the two species, emphasing the need to improve sanitary condition in the milking environment.

The aim of this study was to determine vertical transmission of Sterptococcus mutans (S. mutans) genotypes in mother-child pair. The present study was conducted on 60 mother-child pair saliva samples having at least three carious teeth. All enrolled preschool children were divided into two age groups Group-1 (1-3 years) and Group-2 (4-5 years). Stimulated saliva samples were collected from all enrolled subjects. After isolation of S. mutans DNA, Arbitrarily Primed Polymerase Chain Reaction (AP-PCR) and genotyping methods (with primers for the glucosyltransferase gene) were used to identify the matching and non-matching patterns of S. mutans genotypes transmitted from mother′s to their child. Statistical analysis showed 75% matching genotypes were found in Group-1 mother-child pair and 65 % was reported in Group-2 mother-child pair suggesting the presence of vertically transmitted strains of S. mutans higher in Group-1.

Bridelia ferruginea is commonly grown in Western Tropical Africa. The purpose of this research work is to determine the antimicrobial activities, qualitative and quantitative phytochemical screening, elemental composition, proximate analysis and anti-nutrient composition of purified fraction of Bridelia ferruginea extracts. The organisms used for this research are Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Klebsiella pneumonia ATCC 35659, Pseudomonas aeruginosaATCC 25619,and candida albican ATCC 90029. The leaf and bark were extracted using ethyl acetate as the extracting solvent. The plant extracts were partially purified using Colum chromatography method of analysis, to separate the plant extracts to different fractions and various eluting solvent namely N-hexane, ethyl acetate and ethanol were used during Colum chromatograph. The antimicrobial activity of partially purified fractions Bridelia ferruginea were determined by agar dilution method. The result revealed that fraction of ethyl acetate extracts of Bridelia ferruginea leaf and bark eluting with N- hexane, ethyl acetate and ethanol were effective against some of the clinical isolates. In fraction one (f1), fraction two (f2) and fraction three (f3) of purified ethyl acetate leaf extracts, using ethanol, ethyl acetate and n-hexane as the eluting solvent.