Autoimmunity simply stated is one's immune system responding to self. The occurrence of infectious disease is affected by interaction between microorganisms. The link between certain bacterial infections and autoimmunity is particularly compelling, and molecular mimicry is often implicated in autoimmune disease pathogenesis. The role of microorganisms in the spreading of diseases has undergone significant modification in the past few decades with new observations from clinical, epidemiologic, and basic science research. Primary bacterial colonizers are Staphylococcus epidermidis and other coagulase-negative Staphylococci. Other microorganisms that are generally regarded as skin colonizers are species of Corynebacterium, Propionibacterium and Brevibacterium. Adenovirus, herpesvirus, and poxvirus are all examples of large DNA viruses that infect humans. Adenoviruses, of which there are many types, cause gastroenteritis and respiratory disease in humans. Notable human diseases caused by RNA viruses include the common cold, influenza, SARS, MERS, COVID-19, Dengue Virus, hepatitis C, hepatitis E, West Nile fever, Ebola virus disease, rabies, polio, mumps, and measles. Parasitic diseases that can be blood borne include African trypanosomiasis, babesiosis, Chagas disease, leishmaniasis, malaria, and toxoplasmosis. Vaccinations are generally the cheapest and most effective trusted Source way to prevent viruses. Some vaccines have succeeded in eliminating diseases, such as smallpox.

The intra-uterine device (IUD) is the most common existing reversible contraception. Colonic perforation is an infrequent but serious complication of IUD. We report a case of a 32 years old woman with a history of IUD inserted at early puerperal period, who presented in consultation for a suprising reason: the perception of wires from the anus without any specific symptoms. Radiological assessment revealed that the IUD migrated partially into the lumen of the rectosigmoid. Intrauterine device embedded in sigmoid colon wall was successfully been removed endoscopically using a polypectomy snare with the placing of a hemostatic clip.

Noonan syndrome is a genetic disorder characterized by facial dysmorphism and several birth defects including lymphatic abnormalities. There are familial cases and sporadic cases. In practice, it is sometimes very difficult to confirm the diagnosis, as the manifestations are variable and & quot; subtle & quot; for the non-specialist. We report the case of a patient in whom the diagnosis was made late at the age of 37 years and whose reason for consultation was an increase in abdominal volume related to chylous ascites. Chylous ascites in Noonan syndrome seems to be more frequent than expected hence the need to know how to evoke this syndrome in its presence especially since there is a typical dysmorphic picture.

Objectives: To provide an update regarding the recent trends and advancements in the field of salivary nano-biosensors which are useful in diagnosis of oral squamous cell carcinoma? Materials and methods: Literature survey was carried out in March 2021 in electronic databases such as PubMed SCOPUS, EMBASE, COCHRANRE library, Science Direct using key words such as Biosensors and oral cancer, Salivary biosensors and oral squamous cell carcinoma etc... Articles published in English language from 2000 to March 2021 which fulfilled the objectives of the study were included. Results: The searches revealed 236 articles out of which 42 were selected after reading the full text articles. Saliva based diagnostics is also referred as liquid biopsy for its immense potential as it is economical, noninvasive and easy to collect and contains wide variety of biomarkers which can be detected by biosensors. The use of biosensors in oral cancer detection and monitoring holds vast potential. Biosensors can be designed to detect emerging cancer biomarkers and to determine staging of the disease and diagnosis. Even though there are wide varieties of biomarkers, only few biosensors have the potential to become point of care diagnostics of oral cancer. Conclusions: The technological advancements in recent times have enabled researchers to develop high throughput and sensitive biosensors to detect active biomarkers from saliva of oral cancer patients.

Introduction: Pleural effusion, that is commonly encountered clinical problem by the Pulmonologists and physicians.The gold standard for diagnosis of tuberculous pleuritis is detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacilli in pleural fluid, either by microscopy/ molecular methods (CB-NAAT) and culture, or the histological demonstration of the caseating granulomas in biopsy specimen. Aims & objectives are to assess Significance of ADA level in the diagnosis of pleural effusion. Materials and method: The study was done in microbiology laboratory at Sir-T Hospital, Bhavnagar, Gujarat from January, 2020 to December, 2020 to Analysis of pleural fluid adenosine deaminase in diagnosis of tubercular pleural effusion. Adenosine Deaminase levels are evaluated by Adenosine Deaminase Assay Kit (DIAZYME). Observation & results: In our study, Total 48 pleural fluid samples were tested for ADA. Out of total 48 samples 34 were males and 14 were females in our study. However out of 48 samples, n20 samples positive for CB-NAAT. Out of the total 48 pleural fluid samples, 20 pleural fluid samples were positive (value >60 U/L) for ADA in our study. Conclusion: From this study, its concluded that Pleural Fluid Adenosine deaminase is important biomarker in diagnosing the Tubercular pleural effusion and can be useful aid in the day to day clinical practice.

In the last decade, Acenitobacter baumannii has become the center of attention for microbiologists. Even amongst the ESKAPE pathogens, whose innate ability to develop resistance to various major antibiotic classes poses a threat to the nature of the modern treatment, A.baumannii is often one of the first species to develop resistance to new drugs. Because of its ability to adapt even to those inhospitable environments which would otherwise be fatal to other pathogens, A.baumannii has emerged as one of the most dangerous pathogens known to humankind and surely worthy of every bit of consideration it is getting. To coop up with the strains of the surrounding, A.baumannii exhibits a different variety of mechanisms of resistance that helps the bacteria in its survival. With the help of genetic studies and loads of experiments, we have finally learned a great deal about the mechanisms behind Aceintobacter Baumannii tremendous ability to develop immunity against antibiotics. However, against A.baumannii multiple drug regimens are used which aid each other in killing the bacteria one way or the other. The field of genetics has helped the most in identifying the various mechanisms of resistance and of course, this knowledge will help us to discover new ways of treatment that are more efficient and beneficial in our battle against the resistant strains. The optimal treatment for the MDR has yet to be established. New data is being collected every day and this clinical data is necessary for the guidance of clinicians towards the right path for choosing the best drug therapy. The discovery of therapies along with controlled trials is essential to face this problem.