Ezrin, podocalyxin and paxillin are cytoskeleton-associated proteins, implicated in several malignancies, but their role in Urothelial carcinoma of the bladder (UCB) is still controversy. We investigated the expression of those markersin UCB and the association of their expression pattern with clinicopathological parameters.Quantitative rt-PCR analyses used to examine mRNA level of ezrin and paxillinin23 fresh specimens of UCB and adjacent normal mucosal tissues from patients undergoing cystoscopy.Also, immunohistochemical evaluation of ezrin, podocalyxin and paxillin was performed on 123 paraffin blocks of UCB. Ezrin mRNA levelwas significantly high in normal mucosa than in UCB (p=0.012) while paxillinmRNA level wasn'tsignificant (p=0.34). Significant negative correlation was found between membranous ezrin immunoexpression and prognostic parameters as grade,T-stage and recurrence(p=0.001, p<0.0001and p= 0.002 respectively). Regarding paxillin immunoexpression,significant negative correlation was detected with grade andT-stage (p<0.0001). Membranous expression of podocalyxin was significantly correlated with grade, T-stage and recurrence (p=0.016, p= 0.003 and p<0.0001respectively). A significant correlation was found between three markers.These results suggest that ezrin, podocalyxin and paxillin could be valuable prognostic molecules in evaluation of UCB and this might lead to establishment ofnew molecular therapeutic strategy and prognostic biomarkers in UCB.

Isolation of fungal species from unused toilet papers is essential, to decipher the public health risk associated with the exposure of these sanitary papers in public toilets, prior to use by students. Unused tissue papers kept at public toilets were sampled from eleven (11) different locations (labelled F1-F11) to cover the various faculties in the University. The fungal counts and characterisation was done following standard microbiological procedures. The result revealed that Total Fungal Count ranged between 3.5±0.4 x 104 cfu/g, (obtained from the Faculty of Humanity toilet rooms) and 1.3±0.2 x 104 cfu/g, obtained from Faculty of Engineering toilet rooms. Phenotypic characterisation of the fungal isolates revealed the isolates obtained from the various samples included; Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus flavus, Candida species and Penicillium species. The percentage occurrence of the isolates showed Aspergillus niger as the dominant species (38%), while Candida species was the least occurring (17.2%). The study has shown that exposure of unused tissue papers, prior to use in toilets may pose severe health risk to the students. Tissue papers should therefore be kept in sterile packs prior to use in public toilets.

A wood decay fungus is any species of fungus that digest moist wood causing it to rot. The decomposition of coarse woody debris like fallen trunks, branches, stumps, etc was done by wood decaying fungi and releasers of important elements from wood into soils of forest ecosystem. The wood decay fungal samples are collected in the Darapalli and Kondapalli reserve forest of Central Eastern Ghats, during May 2018 to February 2019. Based on the phenotypical or morphological characters the fungal specimen was identified as Artolenzites acuta (Berk) Mossebo & Ambit comb., Cubamyces flavidus (Lév.) Lücking, Cubamyces lactineus (Berk.) Lücking, Daedaleopsis confragosa (Bolton) J. Schröt., Daldinia concentrica (Bolton) Cesati & De Notaris, Daldinia childiae J.D. Rogers & Y.M. Ju,. Funalia aspera (Jungh.) Zmitr. & V. Malysheva, Ganoderma applanatum (Pers.) Pat, Ganoderma lipsiense (Batsch) G.F. Atk., Gloeophyllum sepiarium (Wulfen) P. Karst. Lenzites eximia Ber. and Curt, Phellinus badius (Cooke) Cunn, Phellinus gilvus (Schw., Fr.) Pat., Phylloporia pectinata (Klotzsch) Ryvarden, Trametes gibbosa (Pers.) Fr., Epicrisis. All the fungal specimens are new records to Darapalli Reserve forest, and Kondapalli reserve forest of Andhra Pradesh, Eastern Ghat, India except G. applanatum and D. concentrica. For the first time Cubamyces flavidus (Lév.) Lücking, is reported from India.

Bone marrow fibrosis leading to dry tap aspiration and often associated with blast crisis has previously been reported in both chronic myeloid leukemia and Primary myelofibrosis. The similarities between these two conditions in terms of clinical presentation and morphology can really create a diagnostic dilemma. Here we present a case of chronic myeloid leukemia in fibrosis and blast crisis in a 32 year old lady which closely resembled Primary myelofibrosis in transformation. All myeloproliferative neoplasms can undergo blast transformation. In this case, the detection of Philadelphia chromosome helped to distinguish chronic myeloid leukemia from other myeloproliferative neoplasms.

Biosensors for virus and bacterial detection and control have been developed over the last thirty years as a result of various biotechnological breakthroughs. With the exception of avian species, cell-lines offers certain advantages and are accessible for domestic animals. Current diagnostics rely on ELISA or RT-PCR, whereas these procedures frequently have limitations in terms of speed and sensitivity. Amplification techniques of nucleic acid are extremely beneficial for detecting viruses which are difficult and dangerous to culture, viruses that develop slowly in culture, and viruses with antigenic variants such as HCV (hepatitis C virus), Zika virus, dengue virus, EBV, influenza viruses, HIV, Ebola virus and coronavirus. Pathogen isolation and characterization, RT-PCR and sequencing-analyses are common. LAMP (Loop mediated isothermal amplification) has evolved into an important alternative for simplifying infectious illness diagnosis. Diagnostic assays are employed to determine present, functional SARS-CoV-2 infections. Diagnostic techniques can be antigen based for specific proteins on the virus's surface, or molecular based like LAMP, CRISPR and PCR. The gold-standard for the testing of COVID-19 is RT-PCR, that identifies SARS-CoV-2 genetic-information in nasopharyngeal specimens.

Introduction and objectives: Tinea capitis are benign cosmopolitan mycoses caused by dermatophytes. They are frequent in developing countries including Morocco. The objective of this work is to study the epidemiological and clinical profile of this pathology at the Avicenna military hospital in Marrakesh. Patients and methods: This is a retrospective study over a period of 4 years (1st January 2016 to 31st August 2019) on 193 suspected ringworm of the scalp consulting the Parasitology Mycology department at the Avicenna military hospital in Marrakesh. All patients underwent direct hair examination, supplemented by culture. Results: The direct examination and the culture made it possible to conclude with a tinea capitis in 112 patients, i.e. an overall prevalence of 58%. The average age of our patients was 7.2 years, with a predominance of men (male / female sex ratio: 3.48). %). The notion of contact with animals was found in 38% of cases. The culture, positive in 78.58% of cases, allowed the isolation and identification of 8 species of dermatophytes: Microsporum (M) canis was the predominant species (71.59%), followed by Trichophyton (T) violaceum (11, 36%), T. mentagrophytes (10.22%), T.rubrum (2.27%), T. verrucosum, T. tonsurans, M. audouinii and T. schoenleinii with a percentage of 1.14% each. We confirm by our study that ringworms are the prerogative of school-aged children. Zoophilic dermatophytes are becoming more and more frequent. This change could be related to a modification of the behavior of the population which adopts more domestic animals. Conclusion: Tinea capitis are a public health problem in Morocco. Mycological examination is essential to make the diagnosis and identify the agents responsible for tinea capitis, thus allowing better therapeutic management.

Introduction: Cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide and is also one of the major causes of morbidity in both developed and developing countries like India. In 2020, total number of new cases in India was 13, 24, 413 and number of deaths reported was 8, 51, 678. Number of cancer cases is on an increasing trend every year. As resources are very few in our country a well-developed cancer registry and statistics would help in identifying the risk factors for various cancers and thereby preventing their occurrence. Objectives: 1) To study the incidence of cancer cases in a tertiary care center with respect to organ system, site, age, gender and type of cancer. 2) To ascertain the leading cancers in a tertiary care hospital and compare the incidence with various other epidemiologic studies. Materials and methods: The present study is a Hospital based Retrospective study done from January 2019 to June 2021 for a period of two and half years in Department of pathology, Andhra medical college. A total of 1760 cases are studied during this period. Various demographic details like age and sex are collected along with site and clinical diagnosis for the study. Data was entered and analyzed using MS excel 2013 and pie charts and frequency graphs were plotted for easy analysis of the data. Results: Out of 1760 cancer patients’ females were 993(56.4%) and 767 were males (43.5%), larger number of the male patients with cancer were in the age group of 51 -60 years and females showed up in the age group of 45 to 55 years. In our study the most common tumors were tumors of Head and neck (oral cavity included) with 491cases (27.89%) followed by cervical cancers with 279 cases (15.8%). In males out of total 767 cases the most common cancer was oral cavity cancers (250cases/32.59%) followed by GIT cancers (140 cases/18.25%) and in females out of 993 cases the most common cancer was cervical cancer(279 cases/28.09%) followed by breast cancers(196 cases/19.73%). Conclusion: The present study emphasizes on burden of various cancers at the level of a tertiary care center. In recent years there is an increasing incidence of cancers in females.