Amelogenesis imperfecta (AI) is a disorder group of hereditary development that affects the dental enamel structure in the primary and permanent teeth. The enamel may be hypoplastic, hypomineralised, hypomature or both and teeth affected may be discolored, sensitive or prone to disintegration. AI exists in isolation or associated with other abnormalities in syndromes. It may show autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, sex-linked and sporadic inheritance patterns. Clinical treatment is important to address the esthetic appearance of affected teeth, reduce dentinal sensitivity, preserve tooth structure, and optimize masticatory function. The purpose of this paper was to describe the diagnosis, treatment planning, and dental rehabilitation of a girl with autosomal recessive amelogenesis imperfecta. Through this observation, we conclude that the Rehabilitation of a patient with amelogenesis imperfecta (AI) from both the functional and esthetic standpoints represents a challenge. The complexity of the condition requires an interdisciplinary approach for optimal treatment outcomes.

In this Review due to expanding availability of SDF we discuss the effectiveness, indications for appliance and its disadvantages. We will focus on SDF usage in pediatric dentistry. Literature searches were conducted in PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, to identify studies that are related to our topic “Silver Diamine Fluoride in Pediatric Dentistry” that were published up to May 2018. It is mentioned in the literary works that the most efficient, simplest, and least expensive decays preventive representatives are silver nitrate (which eliminates the causative bacteria) and fluoride (which makes the teeth much less soluble to bacterial acids)). The creation of a silver nitrate fluoride construct -silver diamine fluoride (SDF) -combines these two preventative representatives. SDF is thought to arrest and protect against decay progression by (1) killing the original bacteria, (2) depositing a layer of safety silver phosphate that resists additional decay, and (3) transforming the even more acid soluble hydroxyapatite to the much less soluble fluorapatite.

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is one of the most common oral cancers accounting for 96% of all head and neck cancers. Beside the different endogenous and environmental risk factors, epigenetics play an important role in causing OSCC. Epigenetics shed light on the presence of inherited changes in the phenotype of a gene with the absence of an alteration in the DNA sequence. The epigenetic modifications can result in the emersion of cancer, autoimmune diseases, aging and other diseases. Under several circumstances, DNA undergoes methylation. This methylation might be related to normal development or serious diseases like cancer. DNA methylation is a heritable biochemical modification occurs predominantly by transferal of a methyl group to C- 5 position of the cytosine ring (CpGs) which may cause epigenetic disturbances. This review aims toward investigating the genetics in literature to help in diagnosing OSCC with new modalities that are less invasive compared to histopathology. Studied genes including ECAD, DAPK, MGMT and P53 has different methylation frequencies in relation to OSCC which may be related to their significant role in early diagnosis and prognosis. Since genetics has a major role in OSCC, we searched most recently reported genes and technologies seeking early detection and treatment of OSCC results in a better prognosis and more conservative treatment.

Background: Oral and dental problem is common among many Nigerian populace. The human oral cavity is one of the most dynamic habitats for numerous bacterial species where they undergo intense interspecies competition to form multispecies biofilm structure. Aim: The present study was designed to assess the oral bacterial profile and antibiogram of Adult Patients receiving dental care at Babcock University Teaching Hospital (BUTH), Ilishan-Remo Ogun State. Methods: A total of 200 oral swab samples were collected from 200 consenting participants (100 males and 100 females). The oral swab samples were cultured on Blood agar, MacConkey agar and Mannitol salt agar and incubated at 37oC. Gram staining, motility test and routine biochemical tests were done for the identification and characterization of the bacterial isolates. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was carried out using the disc diffusion method. Data obtained were analysed using SPSS Statistics software package (version 18.0). Results: The bacterial species isolated include: Streptococcus viridans, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Enterobacter spp, Streptococcus pyogenes, Enterococcus feacalis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli. Out of the 288 bacterial isolates obtained, 139 (65.5%) of the oral bacteria isolates were non-pathogenic in nature, while 69 (34.5%) were pathogenic. The pathogenic organism with the highest percentage occurrence was Enterobacter spp (37.7%), followed by Streptococcus pyogenes (24.6%), Enterococcus feacalis (19.7%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (9.8%), Staphylococcus aureus (4.9%) and the least being Escherichia coli (3.3%). Most of the Gram positive bacteria were sensitive to Augmentin, Sulbactomas, Cefroxime, Ciprofloxacin, Levofloxacin, Erythromycin and Azithromycin; while most of the Gram negative bacteria were sensitive to Augumentin, Cefotaxime, Nalidixic acid, Nitrofurantoin and Gentamycin. Conclusion: Pathogenic bacteria capable of causing oral and dental pr

Aim: The main objective of the study is to assess and compare the skeletal and dental changes obtained before and after treatment using centrographic analysis in patients with class II skeletal base using three different treatment modalities - Functional, Fixed Functional and Surgical (BSSO advancement). Materials and methods: A sample of 240 retrospectively collected pre-and post-treatment lateral cephalograms of class II malocclusion treated by orthodontics or orthodontic-surgical combined approach are included. The samples are grouped as Group I - Functional appliances (Twin Block appliance), Group II - Fixed functional appliances (AdvnSync II) and Group III - Surgical (BSSO advancement). The lateral cephalograms are traced and analysed using Centro-graphic analysis on FACAD 3.10 (Ilexis AB, Sweden). The post-treatment cephalograms are analysed to compare the treatment outcomes amongst the groups. Results: The results show high statistical significance in post-treatment class II skeletal correction among the three groups — also, a sharp reduction in the prognathic maxilla in the fixed functional group. The post-treatment mandibular prognathism was observed in the functional and surgical group. In terms of vertical component, the most significant neutral position of FC was found to be in the fixed functional group. Conclusion: This study primarily establishes a non-numerical method of evidence of highly significant mandibular changes were observed across the three groups. The most effectively treated subjects were found to be of the BSSO advancement group followed by functional and fixed functional groups, respectively.

Introduction: Mandibular third molars are the most frequently affected by impaction. No previous study had been conducted in the Jazan region. Aim of the study: To evaluate the prevalence and patterns of third molar impaction among the Jazanian subpopulation in the southwestern region of Saudi Arabia. Materials and methods: A retrospective study was conducted involving the analysis of the orthopantomograms (OPG) of 1012 patients who attended the Jazan University College of Dentistry. The OPGs were selected randomly from patient records to examine the frequency and pattern of third molar impaction. Data were analyzed, and p < 0.005 was set as significant. Results: A total of 1012 subjects were included, among whom 550 (54.3%) were males. The largest age group was 18–32 years old and accounted for 533 (52.67%) of the subjects. The number of subjects with impacted tooth/teeth was 668 (66%), and frequencies and percentages among the right and left sides did not considerably differ. The number of impacted third molars in mandibular arches was higher than that in maxillary arches. Impactions in Position C were usually in the maxillary arch (116, 11.47%), whereas those in Position A were common in the mandible. Vertical and mesioangular impacted angulations were frequent in the mandibular arch (162, 22.0% and 118, 11.7%). Cases of distolingual impaction were high in the maxillary arch (96, 9.6%). Class II impacted teeth in relation to the ramus were the highest in the right (259, 25.6%), and left (239, 23.62%), followed by Class I impactions. Conclusion: The prevalence of impacted third molars was slightly higher in the Jazan region than in other regions in Saudi Arabia.

The periodontal disease is basically a multi-factorial disease that is impacted by many components of the periodontal tissue. If the periodontal disease is left untreated it can cause many severe complications of the oral cavity. The plaque can be prevented by maintaining proper oral hygiene and also visiting the dentist. The attitude and awareness of the people about the periodontal surgery is of utmost importance. The main aim of this study was study the attitude and awareness about the periodontal surgery among the population of Jizan in Saudi Arabia. The population of Jizan answered the questionnaire related to the attitude and awareness about the periodontal surgery. Periodontitis may lead to high risk of multiple tooth loss which eventually lead to edentulism. The results of this survey showed that 32 (32.8%) of the participants were in the age group of 31-40 years and majority of the people were females about 59 (60.2%). This survey about the attitude and awareness about the periodontal surgery is a stepping stone in spreading the knowledge and awareness in the population of Jizan, Saudi Arabia.

Temporomandibular joint reconstruction (TMJR) is often required for patients with severe and/or refractory TMJ disease who have failed conservative treatment. TMJR helps improve masticatory function and is linked to improved quality of life outcomes. Alloplastic reconstruction is currently considered the treatment of choice for most serious TMJ disorders due to its many advantages, including but not limited to early recovery, consistent long-term outcomes and significant improvements in the function of the jaw. Two types of TMJR prostheses are available for reconstruction, broadly speaking: 1) inventory, and 2) custom-made prostheses. The purpose of this article is to provide a brief overview of TMJR's fundamental principles and concepts to the reader while referring to applicable existing literature.

Background: The aetiology of dental caries is multifactorial and all contributing factors have been studied extensively. Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) has been implicated as a primary odontopathogen and is an important target in caries prevention and management. Bacteriophage therapy is an antibacterial therapy that has garnered interest in human and veterinary medicine due to its numerous advantages. Bacteriophages are more numerous than bacteria and are highly specific and may be used to target S. mutans without disturbing the remaining oral flora. Aim: The purpose of this study was to isolate S. mutans from dental plaque and to attempt to isolate S. mutans-specific bacteriophages from the same material. Methodology: Plaque samples were obtained from patients using sterile swabs with transport medium. Samples were serially diluted and plated on TYCSB selective media. Suspect colonies (based on morphological appearance) were subjected to biochemical tests (catalase test and Gram staining). The presumptive identity of isolated bacterial colonies as S. mutans was confirmed molecularly (PCR, followed by electrophoresis). A filtrate prepared from dental plaque samples was used in spot assays against the S. mutans isolates to screen for presence of bacteriophages having lytic activity against them. Results: Seven isolates of S. mutans were obtained and a single bacteriophage having lytic activity against one of these isolates was recovered from the dental plaque filtrate; host-range studies indicated that the bacteriophage had a narrow range of activity (within the samples tested). Conclusion: This study has indicated that it is possible to isolate bacteriophages specific to S. mutans from the oral cavity. Further work is required to prepare an effective mix of bacteriophages that are suitable for targeting cariogenic bacteria within a plaque biofilm and potentially, these bacteriophages could be incorporated into future caries-management programmes.

The Knowledge of the root canal morphology is essential for the success of the endodontic treatment. The most common anatomical configuration in mandibular canines is to have one root with one canal. However, previous studies reported 4.6 to 15% of the cases to have a second canal. In order to increase the knowledge about root canal morphology in Saudi population, we reported a clinical case about successful endodontic management of mandibular canine with two joined canals (Vertucci type II) in Saudi female.

Introduction: Gingival bleeding is one of the cardinal signs of inflammatory gum disease which if untreated can lead to periodontal disease and eventual tooth loss. This study assessed the knowledge and clinical presentation of inflammatory gum disease among Nigerians in the South-South geopolitical zone. Methods: Self-administered questionnaires were filled by all consenting patients that attended the Oral Diagnosis Clinic of the University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital between May and July 2017. Information elicited were socio-demographics, knowledge on causes and sequelae of gingival bleeding. Indices used were Gingival Index (GI), Sulcular Bleeding Index (SBI) and Simplified Oral Hygiene Index (OHI-S). Data was analyzed using epi-info and level of significance was set at <0.05. Results: 308 participants were recruited with M: F ratio of 1:1.3 and mean age of 34.2(±13.4) years. Two-fifth (42.1%) had gingival bleeding while brushing. Though 51 (36.4%) knew gingival bleeding is abnormal, more than half [35(59.3%)] did not know what caused their bleeding. Some reasons given for gingival bleeding while brushing were dental infection [10 (17.0%)] and hard bristled toothbrushes [98 (13.6%)]. Majority [234(70%)] didn’t know the sequelae of untreated gingival bleeding. Clinical examination showed 76(24.7%) had halitosis, 101(32.8%) bled on probing. 131(42.5%) had a gingival index of 2. Mean MGBI and OHI-S were 1.16(±0.9) and 1.74(±0.9) respectively. 33(10.7%) participants had poor oral hygiene. Conclusion: The participants had a poor knowledge of inflammatory gum diseases. There is the need to increase awareness among the populace and encourage prompt treatment thereby reducing its avoidable sequelae like tooth loss.

Aim: The purpose of this study was to assess the prevalence of malocclusion and to investigate its correlation with caries experience in primary dentition in 3- to 5 year-old children in the region of Monastir, Tunisia. Materials and Methods: It was a descriptive cross-sectional study, which focused on children in preschool establishment in the region of Monastir, Tunisia. It consisted on an oral examination of 393 children and a data collection through a questionnaire completed by parents. The ANOVA test and the Pearson chi-square test were used to assess the relationship between the prevalence of malocclusion and caries experience in primary dentition. Results: The prevalence of ECC was 49.9 %. The prevalence of malocclusion was 17, 3%. The relationship between the prevalence of ECC and malocclusion was non-significant (p=0.578). An association was found between malocclusion and other factors such as breathing type and night time bottle feeding. Conclusion: The current study showed that the appearance of malocclusions was not associated with caries experience in primary dentition. Further studies are warranted to explore the risk factors of malocclusion in primary dentition.

The orthodontic treatment includes the use of varied dental devices like headgear, braces and plates to enhance the beauty of smile, improves the speech and the biting ability. The treatment that causes the movement of the teeth and also results in decrease in bone density of the teeth. The loss of bone around the tooth may be temporary or permanent. A proper plan need to be considered before orthodontically treating a a patient to reduce the alveolar bone loss. The survey included questions to collect the demographic data of the dentists and also to determine the knowledge and awareness about the bone-loss management during orthodontic treatment. 35 (35.6%) dentists feels than duration of the orthodontic treatment plays an important role in the bone loss after the orthodontic treatment. 79 (80.7%) of the dentists feels that continuous, interrupted and intermittent forces all together acts together during the orthodontic treatment. 93 (94.8%) dentists are familiar with the fact that bone loss occurs after the orthodontic treatment. Proper guidelines and advice need to be given to the patient prior and after the orthodontic treatment to manage the bone loss after the orthodontic treatment.

Background: The nasal index determination is one of the most commonly used anthropometric parameters in classifying human races. Aim: The objective of this study was to determine the normal parameters of the external nose (Nasal height, width and nasal index) in the south Indian population. Subjects and Methods: The study was conducted randomly on healthy subjects of both sexes. Nasal height and width were measured using a vernier caliper. Then, the nasal index was determined for each subject. The obtained data were subjected to statistical analysis (SPSS Version 21). Results: A total of 143 subjects, 73 males and 70 females, aged 18-23 years, were enrolled in the study. The study showed the existence of sexual dimorphism in nasal morphology, appearing after the age of 20 years. The mean nasal index in the investigated adults was 42.1 ± 8.4 in males, and females were 31.7 ± 3.8, respectively. The dominant nasal type was Leptorrhine in male 46.5% (n=34) and female was Mesorrhine 41.4 % (n=29) respectively. Conclusion: This study can help in understanding the need for those who want a more "shapely" nose. Forensic medicine, Genetic counseling, Anthropological research, Cosmetic, reconstructive surgery, Orthodontics, and specific manufacturing industries, benefit from age- and gender-based data of the study.