Musculoskeletal disorders are of major concern among the medical practitioners. Most occupation-related musculoskeletal disorders arise due to motions that are repetitive, in addition to the operator maintaining a static position. Good ergonomic design of the workplace is a basic requirement for facilitating the balanced musculoskeletal health that will enable longer, healthier career, enhance productivity, and minimize occupation-related musculoskeletal disorders among oral & maxillofacial surgeons. This review aims at highlighting the need for ergonomics in reducing occupation-related musculoskeletal disorders in oral & maxillofacial surgeons.

Aims & Objectives: The present study was intended to know the awareness about the recording and maintenance of patient data profile by the dental and medical clinicians. Materials & Methods: The study included google based survey analysis of questionnaire among the medical and dental clinicians. Twenty questionnaires related to knowledge, record maintenance and its advancements of collections were assessed. The answers were collected in tabulated data and statistical evaluation was done. Results: Of total 484 subjects, 131 were the dental clinicians and 353 were medical clinicians. Difference in the response was observed among the dental and medical clinicians. Data showed majority 76.86% were good in record maintenance, 10.74% were better and only 11.98% were considered to be very good. Conclusion: Records should be durable and accessible but safe from tampering or falsification. Also the medical and dental professionals should be stressed to use of health information systems for data management, to ensure the patients better health.

Cleft lip and palate is a commonly observed congenital maxillofacial defect. Prosthodontics intervention is usually required after incomplete or complete surgical closure of the defect. The final option of treatment mainly depends on the existing clinical condition and patient’s acceptance towards the treatment. In this case report, the patient was treated with a fixed partial denture and a removable, flexible gingival epithesis. This clinical report describes a conservative and cost effective method of rehabilitation of such type of defect.

Mechanical enlargement of the root canals must be accompanied by copious irrigation of specific irrigants that can render the prepared canal as bacteria-free as possible. The use of herbal alternatives has become the dernier cri owing to the increase in antibiotic resistance against chemical medications. No study has been performed to check the antimicrobial activity of Nigella sativa oil against the persistent endodontic pathogen, E. faecalis & hence this preliminary study aims to compare the antibacterial potency of Nigella sativa oil against E. faecalis and compare it with 2.5% sodium hypochlorite. Nigella sativa oil and 2.5% Sodium Hypochlorite were tested against Enterococcus faecalis-ATCC 29212 to check for their Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) by double dilution method and Mean Kill Time as a measure of their antimicrobial potency to be used as an intracanal irrigant. The results show that Nigella sativa oil has a MIC of 0.4µl/ml while 2.5% sodium hypochlorite has a MIC of 50µl/ml against E. faecalis. Nigella sativa oil has bactericidal effects by 30mins of its exposure to E. faecalis while 2.5% sodium hypochlorite showed reduced growth of E. faecalis at the end of two-hour exposure. Under the limitations of this study, it was concluded that Nigella sativa seed oil has a better antimicrobial effect than 2.5% sodium hypochlorite against E. faecalis

A blight white smile has always been a symbol of health, beauty and vitality for hundreds of years. Discoloration of the front teeth causes a significant disturbance in the aesthetics and may also decrease the patient’s self-esteem. Public demand for the aesthetic dentistry which includes the tooth whitening has increased in recent years. Dental bleaching offers a simplified, conservative and low cost approach to change the color of discolored teeth. The pigments oxidation is responsible for tooth bleaching and can be carried out with two different products; carbamideperoxide and hydrogen peroxide. The present case reports reflect a remarkable change of tooth color by in-office bleaching.

Background: To ascertain if fluoridated dentifrices have an effect on Streptococcus mutans count in orthodontic patients with Polycarbonate brackets. Material and method: patient had tooth No’s 45 included in the study with Polycarbonate bracket bonded. Dentifrices tested were Fluoride based. Conventional tooth paste was considered as control group. Result: Paired T test compared the means of Streptococcus mutans count around Polycarbonate bracket at different time intervals. Conclusion: This shows Polycarbonate bracket has statistically significant reduction of Streptococcus mutans with Fluoride toothpaste.

Objective: To investigate the aesthetic perceptions of 100 consecutive patients and their parents of orthodontic treatment need and to compare their observations with that of orthodontists. Methods: The sample consisted of 100 consecutive orthodontic patients seen for the first time at Sharavathi dental college and Hospital. Of the total sample, 49 were males and 51 were females, with ages ranging from 7 to 21 years (mean + SD; 12.81 + 3.08). The self-assessment by patients and the recording by parents and orthodontists were carried out using the Aesthetic (AC) and Dental Health (DHC) Components of Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need (IOTN) as applicable. Results: The results showed a strong association in the perception of dental appearance by patients and the views of other dental assessors. These correlations were highly statistically significant (P<0.001) with the highest correlation between the parents and the orthodontists (r =0.791) while the least was between the patients and the orthodontists (r = 0.653). The study also found that about one-half of the patients were in the "definite need for orthodontic treatment". Conclusions: There is a strong relationship in the perceptions of dental appearance by patients, parents and orthodontists. This index could therefore be used as an effective tool in communication and achieving realistic treatment decisions.

Objectives: This study aims to determine the prevalence of dental fluorosis and the factors associated with dental fluorosis among 12-15 years old female school children in southern sub-population of Saudi Arabia. Methodology: A community-based, cross-sectional survey of 486 school children (females), 12-15 years age group in southern sub-population of Saudi Arabia using. Clinical examinations were performed using the Dean’s index by WHO 2013. A pre-tested questionnaire was used to gather exploratory data on Demographics, Socioeconomic conditions, Access to dental service and exposure to various sources of fluoride. Bivariate associations were examined using the Chi-square and Chi-square trend tests to evaluate the association of selected risk factors with the presence or absence of dental fluorosis. Samples of water were collected from water sources consumed and analyzed. Results: The overall prevalence of dental fluorosis in our study sample was 59.05% and the Community Fluorosis Index (CFI) was 0.4. Questionable fluorosis (50.21%) was the commonest fluorosis seen. The principal factor associated with the presence of dental fluorosis was the frequency of tooth brushing and the use of fluoride supplements with a p-value of 0.04060 and 0.0497 respectively. No significant association was seen between dental fluorosis and socioeconomic status or parental education, drinking water and the intake of tea/coffee, consumption of any type of fish.

Background: Unicystic ameloblastoma is one of the different clinical variants of ameloblastoma which is less aggressive in its biological behavior. Aim: The present study was undertaken to retrospectively compare the clinical, radiologic, and histopathologic features of 50 cases of unicystic ameloblastoma in Indians. Methods: Biopsy records of 50 histologically diagnosed cases of unicystic ameloblastoma over 9-year (2010-2019) period were retrieved and analyzed for age, sex, site distribution, clinical presentation, radiologic features, and histopathology. Results: It was revealed that out of 50 cases, a male preponderance was seen. Age predisposition was seen to favor the 2nd to 3rd decade, the most common site was the posterior aspect of lower jaw. Common histological type noted was luminal and intramural type (1.3). Conclusion: The study provides baseline data regarding the viable record for the distribution of odontogenic lesions in the sample population.

Background: To ascertain if herbal dentifrices have an effect on Streptococcus mutans count in orthodontic patients with Self ligating brackets. Material and method: patient had tooth No’s 25 included in the study with SLB bracket bonded. Dentifrices tested were Herbal based. Conventional tooth paste was considered as control group. Result: Paired T test compared the means of Streptococcus mutans count around SLB bracket at different time intervals. Conclusion: This shows self-ligating bracket has statistically significant reduction of Streptococcus mutans with herbal toothpaste.

Background: To ascertain if fluoridated dentifrices have an effect on Streptococcus mutans count in orthodontic patients with Stainless steel brackets. Material and method: patient had tooth No’s 12 included in the study with Stainless steel bracket bonded. Dentifrices tested were Fluoride based. Conventional tooth paste was considered as control group. Result: Paired T test compared the means of Streptococcus mutans count around Stainless steel bracket at different time intervals. Conclusion: This shows Stainless steel bracket has statistically significant reduction of Streptococcus mutans with Fluoride toothpaste.

Ridge augmentation of the deficient alveolar ridge is often required to compensate for the bone loss and to make it suitable for an implant placement. In this case report, we followed the technique of ridge split technique with simultaneous PRF and implant placement in the anterior maxillary region.

Background: To ascertain if herbal dentifrices have an effect on Streptococcus mutans count in orthodontic patients with Polycarbonate brackets. Material and method: patient had tooth No’s 45 included in the study with polycarbonate bracket bonded. Dentifrices tested were Herbal based. Conventional tooth paste was considered as control group. Result: Paired T test compared the means of Streptococcus mutans count around polycarbonate bracket at different time intervals. Conclusion: This shows polycarbonate bracket has statistically significant reduction of Streptococcus mutans with herbal toothpaste.

Aim: To evaluate the soft tissue characteristics of skeletal Class II Division 1 subjects (group II) with low mandibular plane angel compared with skeletal Class I subjects (group I) in himachali population. Material and Methods: Lateral cephalograms of 100 adults (60 women, 40 men; age range 18-50yrs) were divided into 2 groups based on horizontal and vertical skeletal pattern (SN-MP angle): group I, 50 subjects; group II-low angle (<27°), 50 subjects. The correlations and multiple linear regression tests were used to determine the skeletal and dental variables influencing soft tissue characteristics. Results: For the soft tissue analysis of all subjects, lower lip thickness was significantly increased in group II-L compared with group I. The perioral soft tissue measurements of group II were correlated with the inclination and anteroposterior position of the maxillary and mandibular incisors along with facial depth (N-Go) and facial length (S-Gn). Upper lip strain of group II was influenced by the inclination and anteroposterior position of the maxillary incisors. Conclusions: It is important to evaluate lip strain and lip thickness based on the skeletal pattern as well as dental inclination to obtain balance in the perioral muscle activity.

Introduction: The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between vertical facial pattern and dental arch forms in class II skeletal malocclusion. Materials and Methods: The study comprised of 60 pretreatment (lateral cephalogram, dental cast and photographs) aged between 11-38 years full permanent dentition without agenesis and/or tooth loss except third molar. The evaluation of the dental arch form was performed using a computer analysis (AutoCad). Results: Assessment of interexaminar reliability analysis was performed using Kappa statistic. Pearson correlation was used to analyze the dental arch form and facial vertical dimensions. Conclusion: As the form of dental arches is associated with the vertical growth patterns, it would be desirable to use individualized arches for each patient.

Background: This analysis is a radiographic instrument that was developed directly from the philosophy expressed in Arnett and Bergman “Facial keys to orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning, Parts I and II”. The novelty of this approach, as with the “Facial Keys” articles, is an emphasis on soft tissue facial measurement. This article describes comparison of various soft tissue structure traits between Himachali and Caucasian female population that contribute to an aesthetically pleasing face which should be considered during orthodontic treatment. The aim of the present study was to highlightthe differences in soft tissue structure norms between Himachali and Caucasian population. Materials and Methods: Lateral cephalograms of 50Himachali femalesof age group 18-25 years were taken in Department of Orthodontics, Himachal Institute of Dental Sciences, Paonta Sahib and tracing of soft tissue profile as well as related osseous and dental structures were made using Nemoceph software. Then Arnett’s soft tissue structure traits were compared with Himachali traits. Results: The length of upper lip, lower lip, pog-pog’ and menton are less in Himachali female population as compared to Caucasian population. Conclusion: All patients cannot be treated to one set of norms as the facial skeleton and its overlying soft tissue is different for different population in females.

Background: This analysis was developed directly from the philosophy expressed in Arnett and Bergman “Facial keys to orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning, Parts I and II”. The novelty of this approach, as with the “Facial Keys” articles, is an emphasis on soft tissue facial measurement. This article describes comparison of various facial lengths between Himachali male population and South Indian male population that contribute to an aesthetically pleasing face which should be considered during orthodontic treatment. The aim of the present study was to highlightthe differences in facial length norms between Himachalimales and South Indianmales. Materials and Methods: Lateral cephalograms of 50Himachali males of age group 18-25 years were taken in Department of Orthodontics, Himachal Institute of Dental Sciences, Paonta Sahib and tracing of soft tissue profile as well as related osseous and dental structures were made using Nemoceph software. Then Arnett’s soft tissue traits were compared with Himachali traits. Results: The present study showed that there is decreasedupper lip length in Himachali males as compared to South Indian population. Conclusion: Individual norms are necessary for a population in order to plan and deliver quality treatment.

Background: This analysis is a radiographic instrument that was developed directly from the philosophy expressed in Arnett and Bergman “Facial keys to orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning, Parts I and II”. The novelty of this approach, as with the “Facial Keys” articles, is an emphasis on soft tissue facial measurement. This article describes comparison ofdentoskeletal factors between Himachali and Caucasian female population that contribute to an aesthetically pleasing face which should be considered during orthodontic treatment. The aim of the present study was to highlightthe differences in dentoskeletal factors between Himachali and Caucasian population. Materials and Methods: Lateral cephalograms of 50Himachali femalesof age group 18-25 years were taken in Department of Orthodontics, Himachal Institute of Dental Sciences, Paonta Sahib and tracing of soft tissue profile as well as related osseous and dental structures were made using Nemoceph software. Then Arnett’sdentoskeletal traits were compared with Himachali dentoskeletal traits. Results: The overjetin Himachali female population is more as compared to Caucasian female population. Conclusion: Himachali females may need more retraction of upper incisors as compared to caucasian females.

Background: This analysis is a radiographic instrument that was developed directly from the philosophy expressed in Arnett and Bergman “Facial keys to orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning, Parts I and II”. The novelty of this approach, as with the “Facial Keys” articles, is an emphasis on soft tissue facial measurement. This article describes comparison of various soft tissue traits between Himachali and Caucasian female population that contribute to an aesthetically pleasing face which should be considered during orthodontic treatment. The aim of the present study was to highlightthe differences in TVL projections norms between Himachali and Caucasian population. Materials and Methods: Lateral cephalograms of 50Himachali femalesof age group 18-25 years were taken in Department of Orthodontics, Himachal Institute of Dental Sciences, Paonta Sahib and tracing of soft tissue profile as well as related osseous and dental structures were made using Nemoceph software. Then Arnett’sTrue vertical projection norms were compared with Himachali traits. Results: The values of the projections to TVL are less in Himachali female population as compared to Caucasian population. Conclusion: The soft tissue is more pronounced in Caucasian females as compared to Himachali females when taken in reference to TVL line.