The present study was designed to compare and evaluate the effectiveness of electrosurgery with free gingival graft in the treatment of gingival hyperpigmentation in aesthetic areas. A total of 10 systemically with physiologic gingival pigmentation on facial surfaces of anterior region were randomly assigned to test (Free gingival graft) and control group (Electrosurgery). Both procedures, electrosurgical technique as well as FGG were found to be effective for gingival depigmentation. No recurrence was seen with either of the procedure upto 3 months post-operatively. However, there was less post-operative discomfort and pain in electrosurgical group as compared to FGG.

Allergic reactions raise the utmost concern to health care practitioners in all fields of expertise. Nickel allergy can be seen occasionally in orthodontic patients as nickel is a component of the majority of orthodontic alloys. The objective of this review was to discuss the prevalence of nickel hypersensitivity reactions, compare the nickel ion release during orthodontics treatment and possible alternative treatment options available for patients with a nickel allergy. Further prospective researches with large sample sizes are required to improve the quality of evidence.

Peripheral giant cell granuloma is one of the reactive hyperplastic lesions of the oral cavity, which originates from the periosteum or periodontal membrane following local irritation or chronic trauma. This article reports about the management of peripheral giant cell granuloma in 57 year old male with surgical excision.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of various drinks and toothbrushing on the color changes of esthetic restorative materials used in dentistry. Materials and Methods: Forty specimens were prepared from each of four restorative materials (nano-hybrid composite [IPS EMPRESS Direct ivoclar] composite resin [Tetric N-Ceram Bulk Fill,ivoclar], glass ionomer cement [Vivaglass CEM PL ivoclar ], composite resin [Tetric N-Ceram cavifil,ivoclar]). Specimens were divided into four groups for immersion in five different staining solutions (cola, chocolate milk, coffee, 7up and cherry juice). Each group was subdivided into brushing and non-brushing groups. The specimens in the brushing subgroups were brushed with toothpaste once a day using toothbrush. Color was measured using a Digital Shade Matching System DSMS, and color changes were calculated between baseline and 21 days, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 months. Results: All the solutions evaluated yielded color changes after 21 days, and these changes were significantly greater for glass ionomer cement than IPSS EMPRESS, composite bulkfill and composite resin (p < 0.006). Brushing no significantly difference for the color changes of restorative materials (p > 0.004). Conclusion: Chance for staining the esthetic restorative materials in a short period is low except GIC, and the brushing has no significant effect to prevent any discoloration for the esthetic restorations in a short period approximate one month.

The aim of the study was to investigate Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity in peri implant crevicular fluid (PMICF) in direct and indirect anchorage side during orthodontic tooth movement in humans. Material and Method: A split mouth technique of ten patients requiring all first premolar extractions were selected and treated with absolute anchorage. Enmase-retraction was done using 150 g sentalloy springs at both direct and indirect anchorage side. Maxillary Ist quadrant side acted as direct anchorage site, while second quadrant acted as indirect anchorage site. Peri implant crevicular fluid was collected from mesial crevices of mini implant before initiation of retraction (baseline), and after initiation of retraction on 1st, 7th, 14th and 21st day and the Alkaline phosphatase activity was estimated using ELISA method. Results: There was no significant difference in means value of Alkaline Phosphatase of two groups at any interval. But the mean difference of Alkaline Phosphatase for all intervals between two group was statistically significant. Conclusions: The overall means of Alkaline Phosphatase of direct method was significantly (p < 0.05) higher than indirect anchorage group.

Objective: The objective of this study is to compare the apical sealability of mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) Fillapex and Endosequence BC sealer at three different lengths of remaining gutta-percha after postspace preparation. Materials and Methods: A total of 160 freshly extracted human maxillary anterior teeth were decoronated, biomechanically prepared, and randomly divided into four groups; Group A and Group B served as positive and negative control with 20 teeth each. The teeth in Group C and Group D (with 60 teeth each) were obturated with gutta-percha using MTA Fillapex sealer and Endosequence BC sealer, respectively. Teeth in Group C and Group D were further subdivided into three subgroups depending on the length of remaining apical gutta-percha, i.e., 3, 4, and 5 mm after postspace preparation. Apical leakage was assessed using dye penetration method under stereomicroscope. Results: In both the Groups C and D, there was overall no statistically significant difference in leakage; however, Group C showed slightly more leakage than Group D. There was a statistically significant difference in leakage at 3 mm and 5 mm level in both groups. Conclusion: Although less microleakage occurred, the bioceramic sealers could not totally eliminate leakage.

Introduction: Skull is most commonly found and recovered intact among all the bones of the body. Though, anthropometric measurements can determine the gender of the individual, the morphometric analysis of the skull can also aid in gender determination. Morphometric analysis of maxillary sinus can be accurately measured using new imaging modalities like CBCT. Aims and Objectives: To assess the accuracy of maxillary morphometric parameters in gender determination. Materials and Methods: 200 maxillary sinus CBCT images were acquired retrospectively from the database to measure various parameters of the maxillary sinus. All measurements were carried out using CS softwareVer.3.3.11. All the values were recorded on an excel sheet and were subjected to statistical analysis. Results: Comparison of the measurements of maxillary sinus between males and females showed that the overall parameters were significantly greater in males than in females. The final result of the discriminative analysis shows that the ability of maxillary sinus to identify gender was 69% in males, 68% in females with an overall accuracy of 68.5%. Conclusion: Maxillary sinus morphometrics can be helpful in predicting the gender of the individual. The role of the oral radiologist in gender determination is important as his expertise in the field of head and neck radiology along with CBCT interpretations of maxillary morphometrics can help the forensic team to predict the gender of an individual.

The immune system is comprised of biological structures and processes within an organism that protects against diseases. This system has been discussed extensively since the introduction of medicine and yet has remained the most enigmatic. Continuous research in the field has yielded better but not complete understanding of concepts of immunity and related disorders. Although researchers have learned much about the immune system, new technologies for identification of individual immune cells are now allowing scientists to determine which targets are triggering immune response against healthy self. The detailed understanding of immunological tolerance, its regulatory network, combination of new technologies and expanded genetic information may increase the awareness to make it possible to control degree of auto reactivity in the immune system and lay down new hope for treatment of autoimmune diseases in the future.

Background and Objectives: MTA is the material of choice for Pulp capping, Apexogenesis, Apexification, Perforation repair and as well as for Root end filling. In this in vitro study, different mixing reagents were tested and their effect on the compressive strength, at different pH, was evaluated when MTA was mixed, individually with each of them. Materials and Method: A total 40 samples were prepared, 10 samples each for four mixing reagents. MTA (white) was mixed with four mixing reagents and condensed into split thickness molds after which it was allowed to set for 72 hours. After removing the samples from mold, samples were kept in freshly prepared Phosphate buffer saline solution at different pH (5.0 and 7.0) for 7 days after which they were removed from PBS and dried overnight before testing with Universal Testing Machine for compressive strength. Results were statistically analysed. Results: There was no significant difference found in compressive strength when comparison was done between sterile water and 1% Sodium hypochlorite at pH 7.0 and at pH 5.0. Within group comparison revealed, minimum changes in compressive strength with change in pH from 5 to 7 in Group I (MTA + Sterile water) while maximum was obtained in Group II (MTA + Metrogyl). In Group III (MTA + Sodium hypochlorite), a decrease in compressive strength was seen as pH decreased; however, the difference between pH 5 and 7 was not statistically different. Conclusion: All the groups tested showed a good compressive strength except MTA + Chlorhexidine group which did not set even after 7 days and amongst the group, MTA + Metrogyl exhibited better compressive strength. No significant difference was found at pH 5.0 and 7.0 among the group.

Mothers are directly responsible for the dental health of their offspring and can play an important role in preventing oral diseases in children. They clean teeth of their children, teach them proper hygiene and dietary habits, and organize professional dental care. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between oral health knowledge of mothers and dental caries in Tripoli, Libya. A cross sectional study was conducted on 392 mothers of 6 to 12 years old children who visited the three public health centers, and one of the biggest public health hospitals for regular check up or other health problem in Tripoli. A validated questionnaire was used to examine mother`s knowledge about oral health and dental examination was carried out to assess the their children's caries experience. DMFT was statistically significantly associated with the mother`s knowledge according to chi-square test. Approximately half of mother’s had poor knowledge (49.7%), (40.1%) had average knowledge and only (10.2%) had good knowledge about oral health The higher prevalence of DMFT score was observed among children with poor mother`s knowledge (36.4%), while the lowest prevalence was observed among prevalence of DMFT values amongst children with good mother`s knowledge (15.0%). The relationship was statistically significant (P-value= 0.031). In conclusions the prevalence of DMFT was affected by the level of mother`s knowledge, the children whose mothers with good level of knowledge had the lowest prevalence of DC, while the children whose mothers with poor level of knowledge had the highest.

Aims and Objectives: The study aimed to investigate dental undergraduates’ studying in Riyadh colleges of Dentistry and Pharmacy, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia to evaluate their self-reported experience and perceived clinical confidence in pediatric dentistry. Methodology: 236 students from Riyadh colleges of Dentistry and Pharmacy, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia responded to a structured questionnaire to evaluate their experience and their confidence for various treatment procedures in pediatric dentistry during their course. Results: The results of this study suggest that gender differences existed in the confidence levels in various procedures in pediatric dentistry. Of all the procedures in pediatric dentistry, Preventive procedures (pit and fissure sealants, PRR and topical fluoride application) is ranked the first in the confidence and least is the selection of patient for general anesthesia and conscious sedation. Conclusion: Undergraduate students have concluded that they have adequate training in both theory and clinics regarding pediatric dentistry. Students are exposed to various clinical procedures and are confident in most of the pediatric clinical procedures. Students universally reported a lack of confidence in patient selection for conscious sedation and general anesthesia and this is the one area that the pediatric dentistry department will now be targeting for enhanced student learning.

Since long there has been persistent controversy among Prosthodontists regarding the Camper’s line or Ala-tragus line which helps in establishing the occlusal plane in edentulous patients. Which posterior part of the tragus of ear has to be taken into consideration? It is the superior border of tragus or middle or Inferior border of tragus. Some authors postulate the usage of superior border whereas some postulate the usage of inferior border and very few postulate the usage of inferior border. To solve this controversy the present study was undertaken and we did cephalometric tracing on dentulous patients with different types of malocclusions and applied our results in the edentulous patients. Different Angle’s molar relation Class II, Class II and Class III were considered in the study there lateral cephalograms were obtained on which cephalometric tracings were performed and the parallelism of campers line was checked with the occlusal plane with all the three points i.e Superior, middle and Inferior border of tragus of ear. Result revealed that the line drawn from the inferior border was much more parallel to the occlusal plane of dentulous patient than the middle and superior borders.

Child abuse and neglect is defined as attitudes and behaviours performed by caregivers or other adults that cause physical or psychological harm; emotional, sexual or mental developmental delay to the child. Child abuse is an important social issue whose significance is increasing day by day from both medical and social aspects. In addition, protective and preventive attempts should be individually, socially and universally be planned, organized and urgently applied. Doctors and dentists should especially be educated in order to diagnose this devastating problem and all health professionals, and parents should be informed about this medicolegal issue. The awareness, experience, and motivation of the physician are extremely significant for diagnosis. Medicine, law and like social workers must work cooperatively for the evaluation of child abuse.