The posterior maxillary segment is frequently devoid of bone volume to support dental implants because of the resorption of the alveolar ridge and pneumatisation of maxillary sinus. Such cases mandate the sinus lifting techniques prior to implant placement. Two main surgical approaches available and considered predictable so far are the lateral window technique and the crestal approach. Availability of various techniques, concepts and armamentarium, made the sinus lifting procedure versatile with high success rate. This article is aimed to describe the evolution of sinus lift techniques and to review the literature related to the technique considering the outcome of existing studies. An effort has been made to bring most of the available procedures under one classification for ease of understanding of the reader.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to analyze whether there is a consistent relationship between the interalar distance, intercommissural distance and intercanine distance. Materials and Methods: Forty individuals were selected who satisfied the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Three parameters such as interalar width, intercanine distance, intercommissural width were measured. The data obtained were statistically analyzed. Result: There was significant relation between interalar and intercanine width. There was no significant relation between intercommissural width and intercanine distance. Conclusion: Interalar width can be used as a preliminary method for determining the width of the maxillary anterior teeth for edentulous patients.

Objective: Mandibular fractures are one of the most frequent facial injuries treated in trauma centres, and its resultant functional and cosmetic deformities affecting the victims of such maxillo-facial injuries, has continued to generate a lot of discussion among researchers all over the world. The present study aims at describing the, etiology and pattern of mandibular fractures and its treatment at Lagos State University Teaching Hospital. Methodology: This is a retrospective study conducted at Lagos State university teaching Hospital Of medicine between January 2016 to December 2018. The current study included one hundred and eighteen (118) patients who were diagnosed with mandibular fractures. Data were collected regarding patient’s age, gender, etiology, site of fracture, patterns and treatment modalities and analyzed using SPSS version 20. Result: A total of 142 cases of mandibular fractures were diagnosed in 118 patients .The patients’ ages ranges between 2 to 83 years (Mean±SD=31.25±12.5). The majority of fractures occurred amongst the 21-30 years of age group (33.9%). There were 91males and 27 females with male to female ratio of 1:5.6. The major causes of fracture were RTA (Road Traffic Accidents) representing 79 (66.9%), followed by Assault 27 (22.9%), then Fall 8 (6.8%), and Sports injury respectively. The most injured sites were in decreasing order body 40 (28.2) followed by angle of mandible 26 (18.3), then parasymphysis 25 (17.6), condyle, symphysis, dentoalveolar, coronoid process and ramus of mandible (Figure-2). Majority (72.0%) of the cases were treated by closed reduction. Conclusion: This study revealed Road traffic accidents (RTA) as the major etiological factor of maxillo-facial injuries, with young adult males as the main victims. The most frequent technique used was closed reduction. It is therefore recommended that there should be improved enforcement of traffic laws on motorist particularly among the young population so as to curb reckless driving and over-speeding. There should also be provision of better roads and affordable health care by the various layers of government

This case report describes an unusual morphology of seven root canals in maxillary first molar tooth. The maxillary right first molar of a young male patient was treated endodontically, the second visit, the seven canals (MB1, MB2 and MB3, 2 Palatal and DB1 and DB2) was easily identified at high magnification under an operating microscope. The canals were then instrumented and obturated. It should be acknowledged that all molar teeth have more than the traditionally expected three canals. The location of root canals should be identified at high magnification under the microscope. Careful radiographic re-examination of the fillings should be done in order to identify possibly missed canals.

Objective: To compare the reliability and efficiency of Down’s and Steiner’s cephalometric analysis between conventional method and digital method using the CephNinja application. Materials and Methods: 50 lateral cephalograms were used. Down’s and Steiner’s cephalometric analyses were carried out using the conventional method and digital method using a mobile application, CephNinja. Values and time taken for the analyses were recorded for both manual and digital methods. Non-parametric test (Wilcoxon matched test) and parametric test (paired t test) were carried out. A correlation between values of manual and digital methods were carried out using Karl Pearson’s correlation method. Results: Comparison of manual and digital methods with parameters related to Down's analysis by paired t / Wilcoxon matched pairs test showed significant differences in interincisal angle, lower incisor to occlusal plane angle and time scores. The mean time taken for manual cephalometric analysis was 4.86 minutes while the digital method took 2.18 minutes. Paired t / Wilcoxon matched pairs test for comparison of manual and digital method in Steiner’s analysis showed significant differences in mandibular plane angle, linear measurement for upper incisor position, S-line to upper lip, and time scores. The mean time taken for manual took 4.1 minutes and CephNinja was 2.14 minutes. Significant correlation using Karl Pearson’s method was seen between manual and digital methods except in the values of Y-axis and S-line to upper lip. Conclusion: CephNinja app is as reliable as the conventional method and significantly reduces the time taken for carrying out Down’s and Steiner’s analyses.

Introduction: The increasing proportion of the elderly among the populations of almost all countries is presenting them and their societies with specific challenges. This rise in aged population would create new problems and challenges, requiring changes in the organization of our society. For these people, oral health promotion and protection is very essential to improve the quality of life, both physically and mentally [3]. Oral health is always an inseparable part of general health and awareness plays a vital role in determining the oral health of an individual [4]. Aim: The present study was conducted to assess the prevalence of edentulousness, the prosthetic status and prosthetic need in the population of Madhuban, Bihar, India. Methodology: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among the population of Madhuban, Bihar. The sample size included 460 subjects. Belonging to an age group of 25 years and above. Result: After the examination of 460 patients. It was seen that the total of 285 were edentulous, which included partially edentulous to be 279 (60.00%) and completely edentulous to be 6(4.75 %). The data from the survey revealed the high occurrence of fixed partial denture treated patient, which was amounting to 57 out of 285, the second most prevalent were the removable partial denture which were 27 out of 285 and the least were Complete denture which were 6 out of 285. The rest of the patients without any treatment for edentulism were found to be 175. The rate of edentulism in male was more as compared to female. Conclusion: India, being an agrarian society, 72% of its total population and 80% of its geriatric population reside in rural areas [13]. In contrast, 80% of the trained dental manpower is concentrated in urban areas [14].

Background: It is a known universal fact that oral health is general health. The awareness among the population should be given form the stages of development and so school going children are the best to evaluate oral health status. This will help us to understand the socioeconomic and health status by which we can cure and also give preventive measures to them and their family. Material & Methods: The study was carried out to assess oral health status of the students of 29 Rural School in Central India. The epidemiological study was conducted between Jan 2015 to Nov 2016. Epidemiological assessment was conducted on 1106 children of age group 5-15 years to evaluate the decay missed filled index, oral hygiene index and fluorosis index. Results: 1035 (93.86 %) of the study participants were caries free (dmft/DMFT= 0) and 71 (6.14%) had caries (dmft/DMFT>0). The mean def (t) among boys (3.26+3.115) was high as compared to girls (2.41+2.697). The mean DMF (T) score of girls (0.95+1.697) was higher as compared to boys (0.79+1.352). Percentage of school children with good oral hygiene was higher among the 9-10 years school children (84.5%) compared to 14-15 years school children. Among the participants, out of 1106, in 89 children (8.1%) fluorosis was present and 1017 children (91.9%) fluorosis was absent. Conclusion: Our study suggested that the prevalence of dental caries was more in private school students, but the resultant was statistically insignificant. The mean DMFT score of 9-10 years school children was the lowest whereas the DMFT score of 14-15 years was the highest and was statistically significant. Oral hygiene among government school students and private school students were comparable and statistically insignificant. Percentage of school children, who had dental fluorosis, was high among government school as compared to private school.

Condylar hyperplasia (CH) is a rare disorder characterized by excessive growth of the mandibular condyle in the horizontal and/or vertical dimensions. It usually presents unilaterally and can result in facial asymmetry, malocclusion and temporomandibular joint disorders. The etio-pathogenesis of CH is uncertain and has been associated with hormonal factors, trauma, heredity, hypervascularity, aberrant growth factors, infection and neoplasia. A variety of specialized nuclear medicine studies (e.g. scintigraphy, PET-CT and SPECT) are utilized to determine if there is pathological growth activity in the suspected condyle. It is essential to identify the condition as mis-diagnosis can lead to unexpected adverse growth even after the surgical correction of facial asymmetry. The authors report a case in a 16-year-old male subject who developed facial asymmetry (due to unilateral active CH) while undergoing routine orthodontic treatment for maxillary dento-alveolar protrusion. The patient was treated by high condylectomy and has been followed up for 1 year without signs of active growth. This paper also provides a mini-review of the recent literature on the epidemiology, etiology, diagnosis, classification, and surgical treatments of CH.

The crevicular incision is a very simple incision. It has many applications in various surgeries like flap surgery, apicoectomy, transalveolar extraction, bone biopsy and orthognathic surgery. In the management of fracture mandible, a routine vestibular incision is used. There are many complications associated with the vestibular incision like infection, wound dehiscence, mental nerve injury. These postoperative complications are rare with the crevicular incision. Like in other oral surgeries it can also be used as one of the approach to access fracture in the mandible. It not only provides wide surgical exposure but simultaneously it gives more visibility to both upper and lower limits of the fracture line. Since this incision crosses the sulcus of gingiva it can affect the health of gingival tissues. With this question, we planned this study to find out the outcome of the crevicular incision on periodontal health if used in open reduction & internal fixation. This study was done on patients with isolated mandibular fractures of symphysis and body region. Comparison of crevicular incision (study group) with a vestibular incision (control group) was done on the basis of certain periodontal indices (Gingival index, Pocket probing depth, Clinical Attachment level) which was recorded preoperatively and postoperatively after 6 weeks, and 12weeks. The results of the current study revealed that well performed ORIF for fracture mandible by using crevicular incision does not lead to periodontal problems. It showed almost similar long-term outcomes compared to the vestibular incision in ORIF.

Introduction: Identification of human being is always a problem for scientists and is based upon scientific principles. Finger prints, dental data, anthropometry & DNA analysis are the tools used for identification purposes. The new arriving tool in the field of personal identity is cheiloscopy i.e. study of lip prints which are unique for every individual and behold the potential for identification purpose. If lip prints are found at scene of crime, the presence or absence of a person can be ruled out from the scene of crime. Aim: The objective of the study was to check for any peculiar lip patterns in relation to the sex of the individual and determine the most common lip patterns by using Suzuki &Tsushihashi’s classification. Materials and methods: A study group of 100 undergraduate students (50 males and 50 females) in the age group 18-23 years were chosen randomly from our institute. Non-glossed lip stick color, white bond paper, cellophane tape, scissors, and magnifying lens were used to obtain lip prints and analyzed with the help of a personal computer and Adobe photoshop software. The lip print pattern of middle part of lower lip was considered, as it is visible in almost all the prints. Result: Majority of the study group (28 people -28%) belonged to Type IV and 6 people (6%) belonged to Type V group. The most common pattern found in female was II, while type IV was predominant among males. Conclusion: Studies show lip prints have great potential to establish individuality, show gender variation and remain unchanged forever.

Teeth are imperative elements in the orofacial region which are pivotal for many critical physiological functions of an individual. Loss of teeth may be inevitable due to several reasons like dental caries, periodontitis, infections, facial trauma and pathologies of the jaw. It may even result due to physiologic reasons like ageing. Inorder to restore certain key physiologic functions like mastication, phonetics, and esthetics replacement of teeth is mandatory. Many treatment options are available in the current world but implants are still considered as a first go option. Here we present a clinical report of a patient who underwent full mouth reconstruction with implant-supported fixed prostheses in partially edentulous arches.

The purpose of this finite element analysis (FEA) is to evaluate and compare the stress distributions at the permanent molars and restorative materials according to the material used. Materials and Methods: Three dimensional Finite Element Analysis was used to compare Stress distribution generated in Class II MOD lesion using different restorative materials. Results: Software performs a series of calculations and mathematical equations and yields the simulation result. The models was restored with three different restorative material which was subjected to a force of 600 N load. Von-Mises Stress were analyzed and compared in different materials. From the results of the study, it can be concluded that Amalgomer CR performed best followed by Zirconomer and GIC (Fuji IX). Conclusion: Restoration of Class II MOD lesions with materials of higher modulus of elasticity will enable better stress distribution.

The successful treatment of periapical inflammatory lesion depends on the reduction and removal of the offending organism. Periapical surgery is one of the alternative treatment, includes the curettage of all periapical soft tissues and sometimes application of different biomaterials to improve the new bone formation in the defect site. This case report present the management of the periapical inflammatory lesion using platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) which acts as a source of growth factors at the healing site. PRF is now becoming grippingly popular regenerative procedure either used alone or in addition with other regenerative materials. Besides being rich in platelet concentration, it is also a reservoir of many growth factors that promotes successful hard and soft tissue healing.

Toothbrushing is an important tool for oral hygiene maintenance. Toothbrushes should be used judiciously else there are high chances for trauma both, to the soft tissues as well as hard tissues. This review deals with effects of improper toothbrushing on oral structures. It also provides an insight into the recommended brushing force and brushing duration for effective oral hygiene maintenance.

Teeth are very important for the appearance of an individual. The colour of the teeth is also equally important as it as a harmony with surrounding environment such as skin, hair, eye colour. The purpose of this study was to assess the association between tooth shade and skin colour among dental college students. The present cross sectional study was carried on 140 undergraduate and post graduate Dental students. After recruiting study subjects based on study criterias, The shades of middle third of labial surface of permanent maxillary left or right central incisor were taken by using the Vita pan classic shade guide. Next, skin color/tone was matched by using the Ideal Balance Quick Stick makeup shades as a guide. Results were analyzed using chi square test and spearman’s correlation. There was a negative correlation between age and skin colour which was statistically significant (p = 0.023). Conversely, there was a positive correlation between age and tooth colour which was statistically significant (p = 0.017). There was a negative correlation between gender and skin colour (p=0.430). Similarly a negative correlation was observed between gender and tooth colour which was statistically non significant (p= 0.846). There was a negative correlation between skin colour and tooth colour which was statistically significant (p < 0.000). The results of this observational study suggest that there is a significant relationship between tooth shade and skin color. Based on the relationships skin color may be a useful guide for the selection of tooth shade.

Background: Lip prints and fingerprints are considered to be unique to each individual. The study of fingerprints and lip prints is very popular in personal identification of the deceased and in criminal investigations. Aims and objectives: The aim of the study is to find the predominant lip and fingerprint patterns in males and females in the Kadapa population and also to find any correlation between lip print and fingerprint patterns within a gender. Materials and Methods: The study sample comprised of 100 students of Govt Dental College &hospital, Kadapa, Andhra Pradesh, 50 males and 50 females aged between 18 to 30 years. pink colored lip stick was applied on the lips and the subject was asked to spread it uniformly over the lips. Lip prints were traced in the normal rest position of the lips with the help of cellophane tape. The imprint of the left thumb was taken on a white bond paper and visualized using magnifying lens. Results: This study showed that lip and finger patterns did not reveal statistically significant results within the gender. In males, branched type of lip pattern associated with whorl, loop, arch, type of finger pattern was most significant. In females, vertical lip pattern associated with loop, whorl & arch finger patterns were most significant. Conclusion: Lip print and finger print could be a significant important tool in the field of forensic odontology for personal identification. however, Further correlative studies between lip prints and fingerprints could be useful in forensic odontology for sex identification.

Impression procedure proves to be a vital initial step in achieving an accurate, passively fitting prosthesis which is an important factor for success in implant-supported prosthesis. This case report highlights a method to modify the conventional pick up technique by splinting Impression copings with dental floss and auto polymerizing acrylic resin in order to improve the accuracy of the impression.

Desmoplastic fibroma (DF) is a rare non-metastatic yet infiltrating and destructive primary tumor of the bone. This fibrous benign lesion exhibits behavior similar to desmoid fibromatosis of soft tissues. It frequently affects young adults and long bones and is infrequently seen in the craniofacial region. Amongst jaws, mandible is most frequently involved. The present case series reports varied presentations of desmoplastic fibroma involving maxilla, a very rare location. The diverse clinical and radiographic features presented by the lesion have been elaborated along with its management.