Pemphigus is a group of mucocutaneous blistering disease which can be seen involving only the oral cavity also. The cutaneous lesions are preceded by oral lesions in many cases reported in the literature. This condition is very painful and it affects the quality of life of the patient. Early diagnosis of the disease will improve its prognosis and quality of life of patients as severe conditions are life threatening. Here were are reporting a similar case of Pemphigus Vulgaris.

Emphasis on facial esthetics has become an integral part of dental treatment. There are many esthetic consequences of edentulism, among which facial disfigurement due to sunken appearance of cheeks and lips has a greater negative psychological impact on the individual. This clinical report describes an innovative, simple, effective and noninvasive procedure for fabrication of complete denture along with intraoral detachable cheek plumpers using Casted key and keyway to ensure a stable and aesthetic complete denture.

Odontomas are mixed benign hamartomaous malformation of odontogenic origin. Mainly two type complex and compound Odontomas, complex type more often seen in premolar and molar region of mandible, compound type more often seen in anterior maxilla. They commonly occur in permanent teeth. They are generally assymptamatic, detected on routine radiographic examinations or radiographs are taken to determine the reason for failure of a tooth to erupt. Odontogenic tumor treated by surgical enuclieation of lesion. Here we report a case of complex Odentomas in an 11 year old girl that cause distal displacement of maxillary lateral incisors, which is rare occurrence.

Eyes are generally the first features of the face to be noticed, playing a significant role in our daily lives. The most grievous yet, unfortunately, the most commonly occurring loss out of all the sensory organs is that of an eye. Such an adversity may have a prodigious emotional and psychological impact on the patient with loss of function. Artificial replacement of the lost eye is done with an ocular prosthesis. The prosthesis will improve patient’s esthetics, restore and maintain health of these structures, and thereby provide physical and mental wellbeing. Accurate impression to duplicate the contours of the defect site is required for the fabrication of the custom made prosthesis. In the following case report, a custom made scleral shell prosthesis was fabricated for the patient.

Physical inactivity is the biggest health problem of this millennium and promoting regular physical activity by primary care physicians is considered to have pivotal role to combat modern-day non-communicable diseases. This study aimed to assess the attitudes and barriers of primary care physicians toward promoting regular physical activity to patients in Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. This cross-sectional study was conducted between January 2015 and July 2015 at Prince Sultan Military Medical City Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Using a structured questionnaire, a total of 80 participating primary care physicians were evaluated for their attitudes and perceived barriers toward promoting physical activity to patients. The data were analyzed using SPSS software. Physicians considered health promotion in general (n = 78; 97.5%) and promoting physical activity - in particular (n = 80; 100%) constituted the overwhelming majors of the participants since they considered such promotion as an important part of the primary care. Advice to increase physical activity was given to patients by most participants and most considered themselves effective health promoters. Lack of time (n = 58; 72.5%), patients ignoring the physician’s recommendations (n = 52; 65%), and insufficient educational materials for patients (n = 43; 53.8%) were most frequently perceived as barriers to promoting physical activity by primary care physicians. The attitudes of primary care physicians were found to be consistent with expectations. However, consideration should be given to overcome perceived barriers to achieve health goals associated with promoting regular physical activity.

The descriptive term ‗Orofacial Granulomatosis‘ has been used for any granulomatous process of unknown etiology involving the oral cavity, which on lesional biopsy shows lymphodema and non- caseating granulomas. The diagnosis is based on exclusion of possible systemic diseases and conditions that are capable of producing similar histopathologic and clinical features. Orofacial granulomatosis can be a distinct clinical disorder or can be an initial presentation of an underlying systemic disease such as Crohn‘s disease or spectrum of related disorders that may go undetected for a long period of time.

Several denture based materials have been used with a wide range of applications. Several techniques have been used in recent time to improve its properties for better durability, strength and working. To compare Impact Strength, Compressive Strength, Tensile Strength, Hardness and Dimensional accuracy of autopolymerized, postpolymerized microwave exposed autopolymerized and heat-cured denture base resins. Specimens were prepared by different modes of polymerization using autopolymerization technique, microwave post-polymerization treatment of autopolymerized acrylic resin and conventional water bath technique. The specimens were then subjected to various tests to evaluate strength (Impact, compressive, Tensile) and Hardness. There is statistically significant difference was found between mean impact strength and compressive strength of autopolymerized, postpolymerized microwave exposed autopolymerized and heat-cured denture base resin. There is no statistically significant difference between mean tensile strength of autopolymerized acrylic resin and postpolymerized microwave exposed autopolymerized acrylic resin (p=1.000) but a statistically significant difference was found between mean tensile strength of autopolymerized acrylic resin and heat-cured denture base resins (p=0.001). There was a statistically significant difference between mean Rockwell Hardness Number of autopolymerized acrylic resin and postpolymerized microwave exposed autopolymerized acrylic resin (p=0.005). A statistically significant difference was also found between mean Rockwell Hardness Number of postpolymerized microwave exposed autopolymerized acrylic resin and heat-cured denture base resins (p=0.001). Similarly, there was statistically significant difference was found between mean Rockwell Hardness Number of autopolymerized acrylic resin and heat-cured denture base resins (p=0.03). Comparison of mean linear dimensional change between autopolymerized and postpolymerized microwave exposed autopolymerized denture base resins showed no statistically significant difference in the mean dimensional change between the autopolymerized and postpolymerized microwave exposed autopolymerized denture base resins (p=0.051). Heat-cured acrylic resin exhibited the maximum values for Impact strength, Compressive Strength, Tensile Strength, Hardness and Dimensional Accuracy and Impact Strength of autopolymerized acylic resin improved after microwave postpolymerization treatment. Whereas, Hardness is decreased and Dimensional accuracy remained unaffected after the microwave postpolymerization treatment of autopolymerized acrylic resin.

Calcification in the carotid artery (CACs) can be visible in the panoramic radiographs (PRs) near the region of the cervical vertebrae C3-C4, posterior to angle of mandible. The aim of this study was to evaluate the incidence of CACs on PRs and their linkage with hypertension, age, gender and smoking habits. PRs of 2000 patients were evaluated. The age group was chosen between 20 to70 year old people and their PRs had been taken for different clinical reasons. Information about smoking habits, hypertension and other vascular events was obtained from OPD case papers. The observers analyzed the presence of radiopaque mass in the region of posterior to angle of mandible bilaterally on PRs. The results showed a 0.6 % incidence of CACs on 2000 PRs. In our study no significant relationship was found between smokers and incidence of carotid artery calcification .In our study significant statistical correlation found between CVD and PAD and associated risk factor with CAC on panoramic radiographs.

GV Black proposed a classification for recording caries which served the purpose efficiently for almost 100 years. Owing to its inbuilt shortcomings and current knowledge on cariology and induction of modern technology and restorative materials, Black‘s philosophy has been rendered despondently ineffective. Though various more comprehensive classifications and caries management systems have been evolved but Black‘s classification remains popular tool for recording of caries worldwide. The similar situation is found among dental professionals in Pakistan. This study was planned with the objective to know the reason for not using other classification systems and awareness about the existence of newer systems among Operative Dentistry / cariology specialists or teachers. A content validated close-ended questionnaire was used as a tool for this survey based study. The questionnaire based on two-point Likert scale with options of ―Yes ―and ‗No‖ comprising of ten simple queries regarding Black‘s caries classification was sent personally to all those who showed willingness to participate in the study and was recollected within 15 days. 85% of the participant agreed that Black‘s classification focuses on treating dental cavities and not the carious process itself and 95% were aware of existence of more conservative modes of caries classification. Majority confirmed that Black‘s classification isn‘t compatible with minimal interventional approach to dental treatment. Even then, this is the chief classification that is followed in dental schools in Pakistan. Black‘s classification isn‘t well-suited for existing philosophy for caries management and dental profession should switch over to already existing more compatible classification.

Langerhans cells are dendritic, antigen-presenting cells which reside within the stratified squamous epithelium of skin and various mucosae, where they function as the outermost arm of the immune system. Langerhans cells play an important role in inflammation and immune responses, including anti-tumour activity. Thus this study is aimed to identify the role of Langerhans cell in oral dysplastic epithelium and oral squamous cell carcinoma. Quantitative analysis of Langerhans cells were done in normal oral mucosa (n=10), oral dysplastic epithelium (n=20) and oral squamous cell carcinoma (n=20) with immunohistochemical analysis using monoclonal antibody against CD1a. Counting was done in ten non-overlapping consecutive high power fields by two independent observers. An increase in the number of Langerhans cells were observed from normal mucosa to oral dysplastic epithelium and oral squamous cell carcinoma. There was no statistically significant increase observed from oral dysplastic epithelium to oral squamous cell carcinoma. The immune system responds to the dysplastic and invading epithelium in oral squamous cell carcinoma by recruiting Langerhans cells. Langerhans cells present altered antigen to naïve T cells, thus initiating an immune response. However, tumour microenvironment has a critical role in modulating the recruitment and function of Langerhans cells in oral squamous cell carcinoma

Impaction of maxillary central incisors are only seldom encountered in clinical practices. Impaction of permanent anterior teeth results in both aesthetic impairment and functionally compromised occlusion. Careful planning and interdisciplinary approach are required for the successful management of impacted central incisor. The present case report highlights a case where patient reported with a missing left central incisor, at the age of 9 years and 2 months. A palpable crown prominence on labial gingival mucosa in the vestibule was suggestive of the impacted maxillary central incisor. On Cbct examination 21 was located below the nasal floor with long axis of the tooth near parallel to palatal plane. The crown of the impacted 21 faced labially at the level of middle third of the root of 11. The root formation was incomplete. The crown of the impacted teeth was exposed with the help of a diode laser under LA. A lingual button is bonded on the palatal surface of the exposed crown. PAE brackets are bonded to 12, 11 and 22 with slot alignment. E- thread is tied from the monkey loop from the attachment of exposed crown to the 0.018 special Autsralian base archwire. Traction was progressively continued till a PAE bracket could be bonded followed by a piggy back traction by 0.014 Niti. Case was finished with disimpacted 21 in alignment with the arch. Disimpaction and alignment of incisor achieved by a minimally invasive technique was successful and showed good stability.