The increasing number of adults receiving orthodontic treatment has made bonding to pre-existing ceramic restorations a routine clinical challenge. The objective of this narrative review is to explain how ceramic composition determines surface conditioning and to translate the available evidence into material-specific protocols for orthodontic attachment bonding. Glass-matrix ceramics contain a silica-rich phase that can be selectively etched with hydrofluoric acid and chemically coupled with silane. Polycrystalline ceramics, particularly zirconia, lack an etchable glass phase; therefore, airborne-particle abrasion or tribochemical silica coating combined with a phosphate-monomer primer is generally more appropriate. Resin-matrix ceramics require a conservative protocol selected according to their ceramic and polymer content. Laser conditioning can increase surface roughness, but results depend strongly on the ceramic, wavelength, energy, and irradiation settings; excessive energy may cause microcracking, thermal damage, or phase transformation. Across ceramic groups, the goal is not to maximize bond strength, but to obtain a durable bond that tolerates orthodontic loading and still permits safe debonding without damaging the restoration. Current evidence remains dominated by laboratory studies with heterogeneous ageing and testing methods. Clinicians should first identify the ceramic, use the least destructive effective pretreatment, add the appropriate chemical coupling agent, and follow material- and manufacturer-specific instructions.

Background: Giant cell fibroma is a relatively uncommon benign fibrous lesion of the oral cavity, frequently seen in the 2nd and 3rd decades of life. It is often asymptomatic but may require removal for functional or esthetic reasons. Case Presentation: A 5-year-old female patient presented with a localized gingival growth in the Lower Anterior region for 2 Months. Clinical and radiographic evaluation followed by biopsy confirmed the diagnosis of giant cell fibroma. The lesion was excised using electrocautery under local anesthesia. Management and Outcome: The procedure was uneventful with minimal bleeding. Histopathological examination confirmed the diagnosis. Postoperative healing was satisfactory with no recurrence at 7-day and 3 Month follow-up. Conclusion: Electrocautery is an effective and minimally invasive modality for excision of giant cell fibroma in pediatric patients, offering advantages such as reduced bleeding and better patient compliance.

Candida albicans is a predominant fungal commensal of the oral cavity that normally maintains a balanced relationship with the host without causing tissue damage. However, alterations in local and systemic host conditions can disrupt this equilibrium, enabling C. albicans to transition from a commensal organism to an opportunistic pathogen and cause oral candidiasis. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the major virulence mechanisms that facilitate this commensal-to-pathogen transition, with particular emphasis on adhesion, morphological switching, biofilm formation, epithelial invasion, and host tissue damage. Initial adherence to oral epithelial surfaces is mediated by fungal adhesins, particularly the agglutinin-like sequence proteins and hyphal wall protein 1. Subsequent yeast-to-hyphal transition enhances adhesion, biofilm development, and tissue invasion through highly regulated polarized hyphal growth. Biofilm formation further promotes fungal persistence and resistance to antifungal agents and host immune responses. Epithelial invasion occurs through induced endocytosis and active penetration and is facilitated by fungal invasins and secreted hydrolytic enzymes, particularly secreted aspartyl proteinases. Understanding the coordinated interplay of these virulence mechanisms provides insight into the pathogenesis of oral candidiasis.

Background: Regenerative endodontic treatment uses a scaffold within a disinfected canal to support healing in immature permanent teeth. This case series describes the use of two scaffold approaches in mandibular premolars. Case Presentations: A 12-year-old girl received treatment of tooth 34 using an induced intracanal blood clot. A 12-year-old boy received treatment of tooth 45 using platelet-rich fibrin (PRF). At the first visit, both canals were irrigated with sodium hypochlorite and medicated with antibiotic paste. At the second visit, the medicaments were removed and the canals were irrigated with EDTA. Bleeding was induced beyond the apex of tooth 34 and allowed to clot; PRF was placed in tooth 45. Mineral trioxide aggregate was placed over each scaffold, followed by coronal restoration. Immediate postoperative, two-week, and three-month follow-up radiographs documented the treated teeth. Conclusion: These cases illustrate the use of an induced blood clot and PRF as scaffolds in regenerative endodontic treatment. Radiographic follow-up was available up to three months. Longer clinical and radiographic follow-up is needed to assess sustained healing and continued root development, and these two cases cannot establish comparative scaffold effectiveness.

Background: Oral health is closely linked to systemic health, yet preventive oral health education remains insufficient in many low- and middle-income settings. School-based interventions offer a scalable platform for early prevention and long-term behavioral change. Objective: To evaluate the impact of a repeated school-based oral health education and treatment program on oral disease burden and related systemic outcomes over a three-year period in Kathmandu, Nepal. Methods: A quasi-longitudinal community-based study was conducted through annual dental camps at Mahendra Public School and Shee Thangpal Secondary School between 2018 and 2021 in collaboration with Lions Clubs International. Approximately 500 participants were evaluated annually. Standardized oral examinations were performed using dental charting and Palmer notation. Interventions included oral health education, preventive care, and basic treatment services. From the second year onward, audiovisual and small-group interactive learning strategies were implemented. Oral disease prevalence and self-reported systemic complaints were recorded and compared across years. Results: A significant reduction in oral disease burden was observed. Dental caries prevalence decreased from 62% (≈310 cases) in 2018 to 130 cases in 2021, representing a 58.1% reduction. Gingivitis prevalence declined from 38% (≈190 cases) to 80 cases, also reflecting a ~58% reduction. Participants demonstrated improved oral hygiene practices and increased engagement in peer-led education. Additionally, a reduction in self-reported digestive complaints was noted among adult participants. Conclusion: Sustained school-based oral health programs integrating education, prevention, and treatment are associated with significant improvements in oral and systemic health outcomes. These findings support the scalability of community-based dental education models in resource-limited settings.

Tooth shade selected by the instrument method needs visual validation (hybrid method). Many studies have compared tooth shades selected by different instruments with the visual method, but no information exists on the agreement between shades selected by the Tooth Colour Comparator (Model YS-TCC-A) and the visual method. This study aimed to determine whether the shade selected by TCC substantially agrees with the visual method. This cross-sectional study included 150 indigenous people from the Ogoni ethnic group in Rivers State, Nigeria. We screened out individuals with poor oral hygiene or any anomaly that could affect tooth shade selection, and we used TCC to determine each participant's tooth shade on the mid-labial surface of the upper right central incisor. The tooth shade assessors were three experienced dentists with a satisfactory record of providing aesthetic dental services and were purposively selected. At least two of the assessors must agree on the shade selected, and it should be satisfactory to the participant. The Vita 3D-Master shade guide was used for both digital and visual methods, following standard protocol. Cohen’s Kappa statistic was used to analyse the data. The kappa value was 0.23, suggesting fair agreement (0.21-0.40), and the p-value was statistically significant, indicating the estimated kappa was not due to chance. This study found fair, not substantial, agreement in selected shades between TCC and the visual method.