Smoking is a significant global public health concern, leading to many conditions such as cancer, pulmonary diseases, and cardiovascular disorders. This article examines the impact of smoking on human health, highlighting its biochemical and physiological effects. The study highlights the detrimental effects of prolonged tobacco use, considering both active and passive smoking. The study also examines the challenges associated with smoking cessation and the role of nicotine dependence in this process. The research evaluates public health programs and preventative strategies designed to reduce smoking prevalence. The findings emphasize the urgent necessity for comprehensive smoking control policies, awareness programs, and targeted cessation measures to mitigate the adverse health effects of smoking.

AI is rapidly transforming the landscape of general dental practice by enhancing diagnostic accuracy, offering innovative treatment strategies, and streamlining administrative workflows. This descriptive review explores the latest advancements in AI within dentistry. Machine learning models, trained on extensive datasets of dental images, have shown remarkable accuracy in the early detection of dental conditions such as caries, periodontal diseases, and tooth structure anomalies. These tools enable timely interventions, improving clinical outcomes while reducing the burden on dental healthcare systems. Furthermore, AI facilitates the development of personalized treatment plans by integrating patient-specific data, including genetic markers and health histories. On the administrative front, AI-powered systems improve efficiency through automated appointment scheduling, billing, and electronic health record management, thereby allowing clinicians to devote more attention to direct patient care.

Contemporary advancements in clinical dental implant replacement of teeth emphasize the modification of titanium surfaces to enhance osseointegration. These modifications employ both additive techniques, such as bioactive coatings, and subtractive processes, including acid etching and grit-blasting. Objective: The present clinic-radiographic study was conducted to evaluate clinical and radiological parameters around a conventional SLA coated and a CaP-coated sandblasted, large-grit, acid-etched (SLA) surface implants during the first year after placement. Materials and Methods: The clinical study was conducted on 20 patients who were randomly assigned to one of two groups: a control group and a test group. In the test group, dental implants coated with calcium phosphate nanocrystals were placed in the prepared osteotomy site. In contrast, the control group received standard implants without any coating, which were placed similarly. The patients' soft tissue and hard tissue health were evaluated and recorded at regular intervals - 1 month, 3 months, 6 months, and 1 year post-implant placement. A statistical analysis was then performed. Results: Plaque Index, Gingival Index, and Modified Sulcular Bleeding Index Crestal bone level were evaluated and showed no statistically significant result when observed on the mesial and distal aspects at 1-year but a statistically significant difference was found in pocket probing depth and densitometric analysis to assess the bone density (mesial, distal and apical) 1-year post implant placement. Conclusion: While the calcium phosphate-coated implants showed a notable reduction in crestal bone loss compared to the control group, this difference didn't reach statistical significance. However, a statistically significant difference was observed in the densitometric analysis, which showed an increased bone density (mesial, distal, and apical end) around Calcium Phosphate Coated Implants.

Ergonomics is an interdisciplinary field that studies the relationship between people and various systems, aiming to improve human welfare and optimize system efficiency. In dentistry, ergonomics plays a critical role in sustaining clinicians' competence, efficiency, and ability to deliver high-quality treatment throughout their careers. Given the confined working field of the oral cavity, which demands precision within mere millimetres and careful force application, dental professionals are required to maintain static postures that involve prolonged muscle contraction, often engaging nearly 50% of their musculature. This physical strain, if unmanaged, can lead to various musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs), compromising both practitioner health and patient care. This review aims to consolidate current literature on dental ergonomics, risk factors, the development of MSDs and techniques to improve ergonomics.