The trigeminal cardiac reflex (TCR) is a unique and powerful brainstem reflex that has received a great deal of research interest. Sleep bruxism (SB) is sleep disorder that affects the TCR as well as other brainstem reflexes via stimulation of the brainstem; at the level of the gasserion ganglion (GG). TCR play an important role in sleep bruxism while an exaggerated form of this reflex could be responsible for sleep disorders. This paper will discuss the unusual relationship of Trigeminal cardiac reflex – bruxism – sleep disorders.

Recognizing the variations in root canal morphology is essential for dentists to achieve successful endodontic therapy. Maxillary first premolars typically have two roots, but three root canals can occasionally develop, necessitating proper identification and documentation to avoid missed diagnoses. This study details the diagnostic approach and clinical management of maxillary first premolars with three root canals, as observed in a clinical setting.

Background: With the rising popularity of clear aligners therapy, understanding the incidence and severity of apical root resorption in patients following treatment with both clear aligners and fixed appliances becomes increasingly crucial. The purpose of this systematic review of the literature is to compare the incidence/severity of root resorption in patients treated with clear aligners and fixed appliances and to determine the main factors responsible of the variation in root resorption between these two systems. Materials and Methods: Pubmed, Cochrane, ScienceDirect and Google Scholar were used to search for systematic reviews, randomized or non-randomized controlled trials, cohort studies and case-control studies conducted in humans and published within ten years (since 2014 until 2023). AMSTAR 2, RoB 2 and NHLBI, NIH were used to assess the risk of bias of the included studies. Results: In total, 21 articles (human studies): 10 systematic reviews, 7 cohort studies (6 retrospective and 1 prospective), 3 randomized controlled trials and 1 case-control study were included. Conclusion: The majority of the studies showed that the incidence/severity of apical root resorption is less in clear aligners compared to fixed appliances treated patients. However, these studies are characterized by different baseline malocclusions, treatment durations/modalities, study designs flaws, inconsistency in outcomes measurement/calculation. Future high-quality clinical trials are needed to further support these results.

The Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ) articulation is classified as a ginglymodiarthrodial joint, namely, a joint that is able of hinge-type movements (ginglymos) and gliding movements, with the bony components enclosed and connected by a fibrous capsule [1]. Temporomandibular disorders (TMD) affect more than 5% of the general population. Radiographic investigation of the temporomandibular joints (TMJ) offers information adding to the clinical examination, and establishing the final diagnosis [3]. A wide range of diagnostic tools creates a possibility of a multidisciplinary insight into temporomandibular disorders in order to diagnose them correctly [6]. The goals of TMJ radiography are to evaluate cortical and trabecular architecture of the bony structures and confirm their integrity, to assess the extent and monitor progression of osseous changes, and to evaluate the response to treatment [9].

Objective: The present study was to evaluate clinical parameters around implant surface modified with alendronate. Materials and Methods: 20 patients were randomly divided into two groups (Group I-test and Group II- control). In the test group the osteotomy site was irrigated with bisphosphonate solution and the implant was dipped in the solution and placed in the osteotomy site. In the control group implant the implant was placed as such in the osteotomy site. Soft tissue and hard tissue parameter were recorded at 1st week, 3 months and 6months. Statistical analysis was done. Results: Crestal bone level was evaluated showed no statistically result when observed on mesial and distal aspect at 6 months. Conclusion: Although implant site treated with amino bisphosphonate (local application) showed reduction in the crestal bone loss but it is not statistically significant when compared with control group. Keywords: Osseointegration, Aminobisphosphonate, Bhisphosphonate, Crestal bone loss, Alendronate, Dental implant.