The trigeminal cardiac reflex (TCR) is a unique and powerful brainstem reflex that has received a great deal of research interest. Sleep bruxism (SB) is sleep disorder that affects the TCR as well as other brainstem reflexes via stimulation of the brainstem; at the level of the gasserion ganglion (GG). TCR play an important role in sleep bruxism while an exaggerated form of this reflex could be responsible for sleep disorders. This paper will discuss the unusual relationship of Trigeminal cardiac reflex – bruxism – sleep disorders.

Recognizing the variations in root canal morphology is essential for dentists to achieve successful endodontic therapy. Maxillary first premolars typically have two roots, but three root canals can occasionally develop, necessitating proper identification and documentation to avoid missed diagnoses. This study details the diagnostic approach and clinical management of maxillary first premolars with three root canals, as observed in a clinical setting.

Background: With the rising popularity of clear aligners therapy, understanding the incidence and severity of apical root resorption in patients following treatment with both clear aligners and fixed appliances becomes increasingly crucial. The purpose of this systematic review of the literature is to compare the incidence/severity of root resorption in patients treated with clear aligners and fixed appliances and to determine the main factors responsible of the variation in root resorption between these two systems. Materials and Methods: Pubmed, Cochrane, ScienceDirect and Google Scholar were used to search for systematic reviews, randomized or non-randomized controlled trials, cohort studies and case-control studies conducted in humans and published within ten years (since 2014 until 2023). AMSTAR 2, RoB 2 and NHLBI, NIH were used to assess the risk of bias of the included studies. Results: In total, 21 articles (human studies): 10 systematic reviews, 7 cohort studies (6 retrospective and 1 prospective), 3 randomized controlled trials and 1 case-control study were included. Conclusion: The majority of the studies showed that the incidence/severity of apical root resorption is less in clear aligners compared to fixed appliances treated patients. However, these studies are characterized by different baseline malocclusions, treatment durations/modalities, study designs flaws, inconsistency in outcomes measurement/calculation. Future high-quality clinical trials are needed to further support these results.