Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are a new group of drugs that have been recently used as part of antineoplastic therapy targeting the immune system to activate the anti-tumor effect. However, as a result of this immune activity adverse events usually occur that can affect different body parts known as immune related adverse events (irAEs). In the oral and maxillofacial area, irAEs mimic many immune-mediated conditions, including oral lichen planus, mucous membrane pemphigoid, and Sjögren syndrome, among others. The aim of this review is to summarize the irAEs in oral and maxillofacial areas and to enlighten oral healthcare professionals on how to recognize these events and to be a part of the care team for patients treated with ICIs.

Introduction: Incontinentia Pigmenti (IP) is a multisystem genodermatosis characterized by cutaneous, neurologic, ophthalmologic, and dental abnormalities. Skin alterations are the main characterestic of IP. They can change and even disappear over time, in contrast, dental ones are permanent and considered as the most frequent extra cutaneous signs. The aim of this work is to present two rare clinical reports of Incontinentia Pigmenti and to adress its frequent orofacial manifestations in the dental litterature. Case Reports: In this paper, we report two clinical cases of incontinencia pigmenti in two female patients, five and nine years old, who were first examined by a dermatologist due to skin changes and then referred to our pediatric dentistry department in la Rabta hospital for oral examination. We managed these cases in collaboration with the pediatric department. We also conducted a research in the following electronic databases: PubMed and google scholar using the following keywords: ("Incontinentia Pigmenti" AND "Child" AND "Tooth Abnormalities”), from 2011 to 2021, to compare dental findings in our patients with literature. Discussion: The most representative dental features of IP are: delayed tooth eruption, agenesis, high arched palate, peg like and malformed teeth, affecting both primary and permanent teeth. Therapeutic management of our patients consisted in the replacement of absent teeth with an aesthetic and functional space maintainer. The assessment of orofacial manifestations in Children with Bloch Sulzberger syndrome indicates that it appears almost exclusively in females and is usually lethal in males. The clinical expression of this disease found in our patients reflects the Data reported in the literature. The latter showed that the presence of symptoms other than skin changes is important if dermatological signs are subtle, which is in accordance with both our patients’ clinical expression. The most relevant finding of this review is the observation that most IP patients with odontological findings had the congenital absence of six or more teeth opposed to our second patient who had only one absent tooth. Conclusions: Incontinencia pigmenti is of a good prognosis but it may affect patients' quality of life hence the importance of knowing this syndrom and its oro-facial characteristics in order to obtain a correct diagnosis and apply an appropriate approach treatment.

This synthesis of research was carried out in order to assess the impact of chemical treatments on gum tissues. Chemical compounds are used in a variety of dental applications, including caries prevention, pulp treatment, and periodontal care. Understanding how these medications affect the surrounding tissues is critical for successful treatment results. We thoroughly reviewed the existing literature and relied on any relevant research published between 2000 and 2021. The results imply that, depending on the kind of therapy and the substance used, chemical therapies may have both helpful and negative effects on the tissues around a tooth. More study is needed to determine the most effective techniques for protecting the long-term health of the surrounding tissues.