There is no one implant system present that is ideal for every condition. Implant design research has been based on increasing the bone implant contact area or functional surface area in order to increase the implant stability and implant survival in poor density bone. Designing of an implant include both Macroscopic and Microscopic features. Macroscopic features include crest module, implant thread geometry and apical design of implant whereas Microscopic features include surface modificationS. This article reviews elements of various dental implant designs currently in use.

Objectives: The aim of our study is to look for the different Gram + and Gram - germs present in the biofilm of thermoplastic appliances and to note the qualitative modifications of the aligners’ bacterial flora after the use of the tea tree essential oil. Materials and Methods: Thirty-four patients were involved in the study. They were divided into two equal groups: a control group using a toothbrush and toothpaste as cleaning means and a test group using the tea tree essential oil as a supplement. Results: The results showed that the bacterial flora of the thermoplastic device is very diverse with a predominance of the genus Staphylococcus. It was isolated in more than half of the devices used by the control group. In terms of species, Enterobacter cloacae complex and Staphylococcus aureus were the most represented. In addition to the bacteria, usually found in the oral cavity, several other non-oral strains were frequently isolated, underscoring the importance of hand hygiene. The tea tree essential oil showed its effectiveness on Staphylococcus, which was significantly less encountered in the test group (p = 0.031). Conclusion: Thermoplastic appliances contain a diverse bacterial flora; Tea tree essential oil can be used for disinfecting purpose.

The alarming spread of novel corona virus, severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has resulted to an ongoing pandemic of corona virus disease since 2019. Due to this the virus is popularly known as Covid 19 virus. The world has not been able to get rid of this disease and we are into the fourth wave. There have been numerous changes in the nature of the disease but it is still causing major disruptions all over the world. Tobacco use as smoking is a major cause of mortality as well as morbidity around the world. Nobody can dispute the ill effects of smoking on health. Surprisingly, there have been few reports about low incidence of smokers among Covid 19 patients. This article aims to review available literature on the subject and try to clear the misconceptions on this topic.

A fibrous which is also called as hyperplastic ridge is a superficial area of mobile soft tissue affecting the maxillary or mandibular alveolar ridges. It develops when alveolar bone gets replaced by hyperplastic soft tissue and is a common finding particularly in the upper anterior region seen in long term denture wearers. Masticatory forces often displace this mobile denture-bearing tissue, which leads to altered denture positioning and loss of peripheral seal. Forces exerted during the act of impression making results in distortion of the mobile tissue. Unless it is managed appropriately by special impression techniques, such ‘flabby ridges’ adversely affect the support, retention and stability of complete dentures. This paper presents prosthodontic management of a patient with flabby ridges with special impression technique.

Introduction: The treatment of the atrophic posterior maxilla is a challenge, and there are different techniques for its rehabilitation with dental implants. In the present study we compare two of the most widespread: the classic lateral approach and transcrestal elevation. Material and methods: A retrospective open-mouth pilot study was carried out to evaluate the predictability of the two surgical techniques described above. To this end, patients in whom both techniques were used (one per quadrant) were followed up and a quantification of bone loss and gain over the implant apex was carried out, as well as an estimate of survival in both groups of implants. Results: Five patients were recruited and 13 implants were inserted (8 in conventional sinus lift and 5 in transcrestal sinus lift). The mesial bone loss of the implants studied at the end of the follow-up time was 0.40 mm in the mesial zone (+/- 0.23) and 0.50 mm in the distal zone (+/- 0.34) for implants placed in traditional elevations. For implants inserted in the transcrestal elevation the mesial bone loss of the implants studied at the end of the follow-up time was 0.30 mm in the mesial zone (+/- 0.13) and 0.20 mm in the distal zone (+/- 0.24). There were no statistically significant differences between the mean bone losses of both techniques (p=0.021). Conclusions: Both techniques have proven to be predictable for the treatment of the atrophic posterior maxilla in height. The use of short and extra-short implants and transcrestal elevation requires fewer surgeries and has a priori a lower risk of complications. In the patients of our split-mouth study we found no statistically significant differences between the two procedures.