Background: In the 21st century dentistry has not only reached an epitome of great inventions but also has established a great milestone in achieving efficiency, efficacy and technological advancement. Technology has not only helped dentistry to grow in its value but also has encouraged the dentists to introduce less traumatic procedures. The course of periodontal disease is obvious by the sporadic and intermittent pattern of disease activity and inactivity showing random or alternate exacerbation and remission. Although microbes were considered to be the primary etiology, they were insufficient to cause a disease all by themselves, environmental, systemic and host response were also a part of the etiotrophic factors. Hence, to understand these complexities various assessment tools and advanced diagnostic aids were developed and introduced in practice. The various chair side diagnostic aids include Advanced Periodontal probes, Advanced radiographic diagnosis, Advanced microbial analysis, advanced immunodiagnostic techniques and molecular biological assays, Advanced biomarker identification and genetic testing and Advanced Chair side diagnostic kits. This manuscript reviews the advancement in the recent chair side diagnostic kits which are frequently studied and relied upon.

Introduction: Bloodborne exposures (BBEs) are of substantial concern throughout the clinical education of dental students. Developments in the incidence and type of BBEs should be thoroughly examined and assessed and suitable safety mechanisms and work practices be applied to decrease the frequency of BBEs. Materials and methods: This is a cross sectional study conducted among the dental students in Riyadh using an online survey. Dental universities in Riyadh were contacted and participants were requested to fill up the survey. 505 students from clinical levels were utilized in this study. Results: 66.5% had their Hep B vaccination done, 37.3% had their post HBV serology done, 65.5% had no previous exposure to bloodborne pathogen and 3.6% having more than 5 exposures previously. Conclusion: Knowledge seemed adequate, but the attitude and reporting protocol was lacking.

General anesthesia (GA) is one of the pharmacological modalities used in the treatment of pediatric dental patients. This study aims to assess the rate and associated factors of repeated dental rehabilitation under general anesthesia in pediatric patients; The electronic health records of three- to 12-year-old children who received dental treatment under GA between 2015 and 2019 were identified and analyzed. Subjects were classified into cases with repeated dental treatment under GA within 5 years and controls who had dental GA once. Each case was matched to three controls based on gender and age. The collected data included the child's age at the first and second dental GA, gender, health status, Type, and the number of dental treatments provided. A total of 2376 patients had dental treatment under GA. Forty-five controls were matched to 15 cases in a 3:1 ratio. The prevalence of repeated dental GA over 5 years was 0.63%. The number of restorations, pulp therapies, and extractions showed no statically significant differences except for the number of crowns, which was higher in controls compared to cases (p=0.011). Treatment of patients under GA requires a more aggressive course of treatments compared to local anesthesia. Consequently, it is advisable to choose full-coverage crowns rather than composite or amalgam restorations.