There are many potential harms associated with self-medication such as, toxicity, drug resistance, serious adverse effects, drug interactions, drug abuse and dependence, still it is being practiced widely for various reasons such as to save time & cost, to prevent symptoms or to treat minor illnesses, unavailability of doctors etc. The endeavor of this study was to describe and evaluate the self-medication practices, reasons behind self-medication & use of antibiotics without prescription among pharmacy students in northern India, using a structured questionnaire. The study was conducted in March 2015 with in 100 students from pharmacy field & related disciplines. Data concerning demographic characteristics, medication use habit, and self-medication were collected through a validated questionnaire with open and closed-ended questions. Medication knowledge was evaluated by the number of correct answers. Paracetamol & NSAIDs (89%) were found to be most frequently used OTC medicines for headache/ Fever. around 60% students consider self-medication for GI disease, 33% for skin disease & local injury, and 32% for ophthalmic ailments. Pharmacy students has significant knowledge about drugs. they were familiar about correct name, dose, associated side effects of drugs. Friends, Relatives and medicine retail shops are evaluated to be responsible for promoting self-medication among the pharmacy students. The presence of pharmacists in all medicine retail outlet can play a significant role to prevent self-medication harm. Immediate actions to promote healthcare under qualified Health Care Professionals should be considered by policy makers.

The sharp rise in price of diagnosis and treatment today indicates the need for a change in health care strategy. The existing health care strategy leads to its bankruptcy amid a steady increase in morbidity. We suggest to develop an alternative strategy based on a pure natural approach, namely, the thermodynamics conception of health. A living organism can be considered as a system of open thermodynamics, the stability of which depends on its energy potential. In this case, when an individual leaves the aerobic energy potential of the biosystem (12 MET for men and 10 MET for women), the entropy due to evolution increases with the subsequent development of pathology. By the alternative of existent strategy of healthcare as a fight against pathology there is counteraction of entropy. An organizational form of counteraction of entropy is measures aimed at the maintenance of aerobic energy potential of the bio system within bounds of “safe” zone of health.

Psoriatic rheumatism has seen many recent therapeutic advances, as well as new recommendations highlighting the importance of specifying certain prognostic factors in order to manage this condition early. To this end, 63 patients were studied for psoriatic rheumatism, comparing those with clinical and/or radiographic progression of the disease with those whose rheumatism is in a state of so-called minimal activity. A significant correlation was found with the extent of cutaneous psoriasis, polyarticular involvement and biological inflammatory syndrome. Our results were then compared with those in the literature.

The LD50 values of sponge Sigmadocia fibulata and Suberites carnosus were evaluated as O= Survival and X= Death. For both the samples we found that the LD50 is greater than 2000 mg/kg. In histopathological examinations of liver the crude extract Sigmadocia fibulata showed congested vasculature and focal minimal degenerative changes in hepatic parenchyma with cellular swelling and vacuolar changes of hepatocytes were noted, where as in normal control and rats treated with crude extract of Suberites carnosus, no metabolic or pathological lesions in liver tissue sections were observed. In kidney tissue rats treated with crude extract of Suberites carnosus showed focal congestion of vessels in renal parenchyma. The focal areas showed cellular swelling in renal tubules with presence of granular cytoplasmic changes in the epithelium of tubules showing absence of inflammatory changes in the section; where as in normal control and rats treated with Sigmadocia fibulata no metabolic or pathological lesions in kidney tissue sections were observed. In the histological examinations of heart, lung, and brain tissues no observable changes were noted in normal control and experimental rats, treated with crude extract of Sigmadocia fibulata and Suberites carnosus.

Lung cancers are broadly classified as small-cell carcinomas and non-small-cell carcinomas. Non-small-cell lung cancer is more common and it accounts for up to 75% of lung cancers. Determination of the development of cancer to lungs is solely dependent on mutation of cells leading to the expression of tumor specific proteins. Hence a clear understanding of the vital structural design and physiology of the lungs assists in determination of the stages of this disease. The anatomical architecture of the lungs and their organization with adjacent organs throws light on the site of origin of malignancy, its spreading pattern and clinical presentation etc. This article has summarized the types of lung cancer, pathophysiology along with the microenvironment. The article includes the discussion on the treatment interventions such as surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, the promising potential of immunotherapies and target-oriented therapies in NSCLC. Even though, the lung cancer is escapable however, it is usually diagnosed at an incurable stage.

The nature has provided an entire warehouse of remedies to cure ailments of mankind. About 80 per cent of the world's population depends partially or wholly on traditional medicine for its primary health care needs. Herbal medicines as the key remedy in traditional medical system have been used in medical practice for past era and have made a great involvement to maintain human health. Thus Pharmacognostical study appears to be of enormous value in identification of commercial samples of the market to find their authenticity and establishing identity of adulterant or substituent. In addition lack of standardization, dishonest commercial practice of adulterating and substituting the genuine herbal drugs are posing great obstacle in popularizing the time-tested herbal-based traditional medicines. The present study was focused on preliminary pharmacognostic and phytochemical investigations for determining and establishing the identity, purity and quality of the plants. The plant was subjected to determination of various physicochemical parameters including ash values (total ash, water soluble ash) and extractive values (alcohol soluble extractive, water soluble extractive). The powdered crude drug was extracted successively with various solvents with increasing polarity and further the extracts were subjected to phytochemical screening for the identification of various phytoconstituents. The study of heavy metal analysis, total bacterial count & test for Aflatoxins studies was also carried out as WHO guidelines. More over the fingerprint profile of Desmostachya bipinnata was established using thin layer chromatography(TLC) methods. The results of the TLC profiling of the extract confirm about the presence of various phytochemicals.

The nature has provided an entire warehouse of remedies to cure ailments of mankind. About 80 per cent of the world's population depends partially or wholly on traditional medicine for its primary health care needs. Herbal medicines as the key remedy in traditional medical system have been used in medical practice for past era and have made a great involvement to maintain human health. Thus Pharmacognostical study appears to be of enormous value in identification of commercial samples of the market to find their authenticity and establishing identity of adulterant or substituent. In addition lack of standardization, dishonest commercial practice of adulterating and substituting the genuine herbal drugs are posing great obstacle in popularizing the time-tested herbal-based traditional medicines. The present study was focused on preliminary pharmacognostic and phytochemical investigations for determining and establishing the identity, purity and quality of the plants. The plant was subjected to determination of various physicochemical parameters including ash values (total ash, water soluble ash) and extractive values (alcohol soluble extractive, water soluble extractive). The powdered crude drug was extracted successively with various solvents with increasing polarity and further the extracts were subjected to phytochemical screening for the identification of various phytoconstituents. The study of heavy metal analysis, total bacterial count & test for Aflatoxins studies was also carried out as WHO guidelines. More over the fingerprint profile of Desmostachya bipinnata was established using thin layer chromatography(TLC) methods. The results of the TLC profiling of the extract confirm about the presence of various phytochemicals.

Leukemoid reaction is defined as leucocytosis >50G/l. When it occurs in association with a malignancy, and infection or leukemia has been ruled out, it is termed as paraneoplastic leukemoid reaction. We report a case of a patient presented with fatigue, generalized weakness, and was incidentally noted to have a white blood cell count of 139G/l. Leukemia was ruled out by peripheral smear and flow cytometry. Computed tomography–guided biopsy of thickened omentum revealed poorly differentiated metastatic carcinoma. Leukemoid reaction is a diagnosis which must be evoked in front of any extreme hyperleukocytosis apart from associated infectious or hematological situations. This syndrome has an extremely pejorative prognostic value.

Multiple myoglobin immunoglobulin A (IgA) is a multiple myeloma entity characterized by its clinical severity but also its poor prognosis level, it is usually revealed by bone pain. We report one case of multiple myeloma with immunoglobulin A revealed by renal insufficiency, diagnosed and treated at the hematology oncology department of Hospital National of Niamey.

Malaria has been reported to be one of the most debilitating illnesses of all time and is the most common parasitic disease in sub-Saharan Africa. Methanol extract of the four parts of Ficus sycomorus plant (leave, fruits, stem-bark and roots) were screen for in vitro anti-plasmodial activity using Plasmodium falciparum. The IC50 revealed that the fruits and leave extract have an IC50 ˃ 186µg while stem-bark and roots were discovered to be the most active with IC50 of 20.4µg. In vitro anti-plasmodial activity of organic solvent extracts (Hexane, ethylacetate and saturated butanol) of the methanol root extract revealed IC50 of 40µg, 20.4µg and 20.4 µg respectively. In vivo anti-plasmodial activity of the saturated butanol extract of the root was investigated in albino mice. Thirty (30) mice were inoculated with the parasitized donor erythrocytes containing Plasmodium berghei. One week after parasite inoculation, the animals were randomly distributed into six groups of five mice each. Group 1 served as negative control (not treated), groups 2 to 5 were experimental groups and were administered 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% of the LD50 (31mg, 62mg, 93mg and 124mg), while group 6 served as positive control (treated with artesunate). The mice were treated orally for seven consecutive days once daily. The results showed that the saturated butanol has anti-plasmodial activity in mice with percentage parasitemia inhibition of 50.6%, 80.8%, 100%, 100% and 100% for groups 2 to 5 and artesunate respectively. The results suggest that the plant have potential for the development of a novel anti-malarial agent.