Background. Kho-Kho is a high intensity, intermittent pursuit sport in which explosive acceleration, rapid change of direction, and lower limb power are widely assumed to underpin competitive success. Whether these generic attributes actually discriminate between ability strata within an already selected squad remains empirically unresolved, and female players at the state tier are largely absent from the peer reviewed record. Purpose. To compare speed, agility, and leg explosive strength among high, medium, and low ability state level female Kho-Kho players. Methods. Sixty-seven female state level players (18–23 years) were purposively sampled from Purba Medinipur, North 24 Parganas, South Kolkata, and Hooghly districts, West Bengal, and classified into three ability groups. Speed was assessed by the 50-yard dash, agility by the 4 × 10 yard shuttle run, and leg explosive strength by the standing broad jump. Data were analysed by descriptive statistics and one way ANOVA (α = 0.05) using IBM SPSS Statistics 26. Results. No significant differences emerged for speed, F(2, 64) = 1.06, p = 0.352, η² = 0.03; agility, F(2, 64) = 0.197, p = 0.822; or leg explosive strength, F(2, 64) = 0.744, p = 0.479. Descriptively the high ability group was fastest (8.01 ± 0.552 s), jumped furthest (1.84 ± 0.165 m), and showed markedly lower variability. Conclusion. These components function as a performance threshold rather than a discriminator at state level; selection should additionally assess reactive agility, technical skill, and tactical decision making.

The need to improve bioethanol yield from elephant grass has made the optimization of the pretreatment process inevitable. This work studied and determined the optimal alkaline concentration for the pretreatment of elephant grass with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and hot water under the specified conditions. The pretreatment was performed at different concentrations of sodium hydroxide for a period of 1:30 hr. at 97.5oC. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) were used to determine the effects of the pretreatment on the morphology and structure of the elephant grass. The grass hydrolysate was subjected to simultaneous saccharification and fermentation using cellulase enzyme and bakers’ yeast. Optimum pretreatment condition was obtained by using 0.25 M NaOH, which yielded 6.778g/L reducing sugar. Bioethanol yield was found to be 8.84% of the available sugar. The SEM and FTIR analysis showed that NaOH pretreatment under the determined optimum conditions successfully disintegrated the recalcitrant structure of elephant grass. Hence, NaOH pretreatment at the concentration of 0.25 M exposed to hot water for 1:30 hr. at 97.5oC is a promising condition for bioethanol production from elephant grass.

Transportation infrastructure is critical to economic transformation and sustainable development in emerging African economies, yet inadequate financing continues to constrain the development and efficiency of transport systems. This study examines the effect of transportation infrastructure financing on sustainable development, using economic growth as the principal indicator, with particular attention to public-private partnerships (PPPs), public investment, infrastructure bonds, concessional loans, and sovereign funds. The study adopted a quantitative survey design and analysed 2,836 valid responses obtained from transportation and logistics organisations. Least square regression was employed to examine the relationships between the financing mechanisms and sustainable development, while logistic regression was used as a robustness check. The results reveal positive and statistically significant relationships across all five financing mechanisms. Infrastructure bonds recorded the strongest estimated relationship (3.231), followed by public investment (2.841), sovereign funds (2.767), PPPs (2.764), and concessional loans (2.667), all significant at the 1% level. The robustness analysis further supports the consistency of the findings. The study concludes that diversified and effectively managed transportation infrastructure financing can contribute significantly to sustainable development in emerging African economies. It recommends stronger institutional capacity, improved governance, and strategic diversification of public and private financing sources.

Traditional Institutions (TIs) in Kamporijo Circle of Kamle District, Arunachal Pradesh are fundamental to the governance, culture and livelihood of indigenous communities, especially the Nyishi people. In terms of economy, Traditional Institutions play an important role in facilitating dispute resolutions, resource management and the sustenance of livelihoods. Traditional Institutions promote traditional land-use systems including jhum cultivation and the simultaneous use of community forests according to principles of reciprocity and balance in nature. Objective: The study aims to examine the role and functions of Traditional Institutions (TIs) in Kamporijo Circle of Kamle District of Arunachal Pradesh. Research Methodology: The study utilises a qualitative analytical research design to characterize the role and functions of Traditional Institutions (TIs) in Kamle district of Arunachal Pradesh. Adopting qualitative protocol allows for a more comprehensive and situated understanding of TIs within local cultural implications. Results and Discussions: The conceptual framework provides insight into how traditional institutions operate within the context of Nyishi tribal society in Kamporijo and explains the role of these institutions within the framework of greater socio-cultural issues, rather than viewing them in isolation. It bridges between indigenous knowledge systems and modern institutional frameworks, thus providing a culturally grounded approach to studying development, governance, and social transformation in tribal areas of Arunachal Pradesh. Conclusion: Their main functions as dispute resolution, the gatekeeper of customary land rights, and moral arbiter are legitimised by social consent and the familiarity of the villagers. TIs operate as harmonising conflict resolution mechanisms, emphasising reconciliation, restorative justice, conventional significance and a legitimate basis to redress grievances that preserve community harmony.

This study proposes an interoperable Management Information System (MIS) that integrates real-time payment intelligence, merchandise planning, and distributed workforce coordination within a unified enterprise information architecture. The proposed framework addresses fragmentation across payment, retail, inventory, and workforce systems through System, Process, and Experience APIs, supported by Apache Kafka and Apache Flink for real-time event processing. Synthetic financial, retail, and workforce datasets are used to evaluate payment-event processing, fraud aware demand signals, inventory decisions, workforce allocation, operational reliability, and governance. A multi-objective planning model considers processing latency, inventory exposure, workforce imbalance, and operational risk. The experimental results indicate that the proposed MIS achieved 86 ms decision latency, compared with 420 ms for event-driven processing and 1,850 ms for batch coordination. Timely payment event processing reached 97%, inventory response reached 91%, and workforce task response reached 88%. The findings indicate that payment activity can serve as a real-time operational signal for merchandise and workforce decisions when supported by governed interoperability, event processing, and audit controls. The study provides an architecture and evaluation framework for integrated decision intelligence across distributed enterprise operations.

This paper presents the findings of a research on an artificial intelligence-based hybrid Support Vector Machine–Bat Optimization Algorithm (SVM-BOA) model developed for spectrum sensing in the Ultra High Frequency (UHF) television band (470 – 694 MHz). The main objective is to enhance detection accuracy, probability of detection, probability of false alarm, and computational efficiency for efficient spectrum utilization. Experimental spectrum measurements were conducted across Kano, Kaduna, and the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), Abuja, Nigeria, to assess the level of spectrum occupancy and identify available Television White Space (TVWS) channels. Relevant signal features, including received signal power level, noise power level, and frequency, were extracted from the field data collected and used to train and test the proposed model. The model was developed and implemented in MATLAB computing environment. The new model was validated using test data for classification of channel status as either free or occupied. The developed model achieved a detection accuracy of 97.67% at a threshold of −99.5dB, based on metric from confusion matrix, outperforming baseline SVM (78.57%) and other benchmark optimization-based SVM models, including Grid Search SVM (92.86%), Random Search SVM (89.29%), Genetic Algorithm SVM (92.86%), and Particle Swarm Optimization SVM (92.78%). It also attained a probability of detection (Pd) of 1.00 (100%) and a probability of false alarm (Pfa) of 0.1053 (10.53%), which satisfies the sensing performance requirements of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics (IEEE 802.22) standards under low-signal conditions. These findings suggest that the hybrid SVM-BOA approach will offer superior classification accuracy and computational efficiency relative to conventional techniques and comparable hybrid models, signifying a strong potential for the improvement of spectrum utilization in next-generation cognitive radio networks.

College English, as a compulsory course with both instrumental and humanistic attributes, bears a unique mission of integrating language training with value guidance. Curriculum ideological and political education plays an indispensable role in accomplishing the significant mission. This paper attempts to analyze the feasibility and necessity of innovating ideological and political teaching approaches and proposes multi-dimensional innovative teaching approaches, aiming to construct an integrated and blended teaching mode. These proposed innovative approaches can effectively achieve the full infiltration of moral education into all aspects of language teaching, realize the organic integration of language knowledge transmission, ability development, value shaping and guidance, and provide operable reform references for College English curriculum ideological and political construction in the new era.