The fracture of endodontic instruments within root canals remains one of the most challenging and anxiety-provoking complications in clinical endodontic practice. With reported separation rates ranging from 0.25% to 10%, the occurrence of broken instruments demands a systematic, evidence-based approach to management. This review comprehensively examines the etiology and mechanisms of instrument fracture, clinical classification, preoperative assessment strategies. non-surgical and surgical retrieval techniques, risk factors influencing outcomes, complications, and future directions. Drawing from published review articles, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses, the article aims to provide clinicians with a structured decision-making framework to optimize treatment outcomes and preserve natural dentition.

This study investigates the syntactic and semantic relationship between the Chinese ba-construction and its English equivalents, using the framework of Systemic Functional Grammar (SFG), particularly the transitivity system. The “ba”-construction is a distinctive structure in Mandarin Chinese that emphasizes the affectedness of an object and the result of an action. Translating such structures into English involves more than direct syntactic transformation; it requires careful consideration of how experiential meaning is expressed through different process types and participant roles. Drawing on a bilingual corpus of literary and journalistic texts, this research categorizes English translations of “ba”-constructions according to their process types in SFG: material, mental, relational, and verbal. The analysis reveals that while most “ba”-constructions are translated into material processes in English—preserving the action-result pattern—there are frequent and systematic shifts into other process types due to lexical, grammatical, and stylistic constraints. These shifts often result in the reconfiguration of participant roles, such as Goals becoming Phenomena or Actors taking on the role of Sensers or Carriers. The study argues that these transitivity shifts are not mere formal alterations but play a crucial role in maintaining semantic coherence and communicative intent across languages. It highlights the translator’s role as an active agent in negotiating meaning and form, and it affirms the value of SFG as a practical tool for translation analysis. The findings contribute to a deeper understanding of cross-linguistic transitivity and provide insights for translator training and contrastive linguistics.

The purpose of this investigation was to determine the impact of the Indian Knowledge System (IKS)-based Lagori game on the cardio respiratory endurance of school girls. To conduct the present study, thirty (N = 30) school girls from the Alagappa Physical Fitness Academy (APFA) Programme, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, India, were selected randomly as subjects. Their ages ranged from 12 to 14 years. The selected subjects were divided into two groups of fifteen each (n = 15). Group I served as the Indian Knowledge System-based Lagori game training group, while Group II served as the control group and did not receive any training. The Indian Knowledge System-based Lagori game training was considered the independent (manipulative) variable, while cardio respiratory endurance was considered the dependent variable. Cardio respiratory endurance was assessed using the cardio respiratory endurance tested by 9 minutes run or walk test and performance was recorded in meters. The training programme was conducted for six weeks, with training sessions held five days per week. Data were collected before the commencement of the training programme (pre-test) and after the completion of the six-week training period (post-test). The collected pre-test and post-test data were analysed using the paired sample t-test to determine the significance of improvement resulting from the training programme. The findings revealed that six weeks of Indian Knowledge System-based Lagori game training significantly improved the cardio respiratory endurance of school girls compared to the control group that did not undergo training.

Background: Quality of life (Qol) provides an insight on how patients perceive their well-being, daily functioning and treatment tailored to improve their overall health such as self-care. This study was designed to assess the Qol of patients with Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) in selected hospitals in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. Materials and methods: This prospective cross-sectional study among 251 patients was conducted in selected hospitals using the World Health Organization Quality of Life-BREF (WHOQOL-BREF) questionnaire. Data on Qol across the main four domains such as physical health, psychological well-being, social relationships, and environmental context were retrieved and analyzed using descriptive statistical tools. Results: Out of 251 respondents the majority 83 (33.1%) were within the age group of 60 to 69 years and the least 36 (14.3%) were in the age bracket of 70 years and above. Large proportion 185 (73.7%) of the respondents we're married and the least 13 (5.2%) were single. The grand total mean for general quality of life is 1.97 ± 0.67. The grand mean value for physical well-being is 2.94 ± 0.84. The grand mean value for psychological well-being is 2.86 ± 0.86. The grand mean value for social relationship is 2.65 ± 0.78 and the grand mean value of quality of life of patients with BPH in the selected hospitals is 2.62 ± 0.69 indicating moderate level quality of life. However, the patients were not satisfied with their general well-being and quality of life as indicated in low means scores and standard deviation (Mean=1.97, SD=0.67) and environmental well-being (Mean=2.39, SD=0.77) and items in social relationship. Conclusion: The quality of life of patients with BPH was found to be moderate generally, indicating that patients were able to maintain satisfactory physical, emotional, and social well-being despite the chronic nature of the condition.

The prevalence rate of diabetes mellitus has been rapidly risen becoming the major public health problem in the world due to complex interactions between diets, lifestyles, environment, and socioeconomic factors. The relevant studies were comprehensively searched through five electronic databases: PubMed, ScienceDirect, MDPI, Scopus, and Web of Science. The findings of the selected relevant studies were analyzed through a narrative synthesis approach to find out the significant trends and associations of dietary sugars, physical inactivity, and unequal access to health care with diabetes prevalence. Based on the findings of the relevant literatures reviewed, the prevalence and incident risk of type 2 diabetes is significantly associated to dietary sugars, physical inactivity, and unequal access to health care. Thus, dietary sugars, physical inactivity, and unequal access to health care have been documented as major risk factors for type 2 diabetes.

Thermal activation of kaolinite plays a critical role in determining its suitability for industrial and environmental applications, particularly for the production of reactive metakaolin. In this study, a quantitative and mechanistically informed evaluation of the amorphization and dehydroxylation behaviour of Ikere-Ekiti kaolin was conducted following calcination at temperatures between 550 and 850 °C for residence times of 15- and 120-min. Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy was employed to monitor structural evolution, with emphasis on hydroxyl group removal and collapse of the kaolinite lattice. The persistence of O–H stretching bands at 3697 and 3622 cm⁻¹ after calcination at 550 °C for 15 min indicates incomplete metakaolinization, whereas their disappearance at higher temperatures and longer durations confirms extensive dehydroxylation. Quantitative analysis based on spectral deconvolution and normalization reveals that amorphization is strongly dependent on both temperature and time, reaching a maximum near 650 °C after 120 min. Calcination above 750 °C results in a slight decrease in structural disorder, suggesting the onset of reorganization toward spinel-type intermediates. A schematic transformation pathway and a pseudo-Arrhenius interpretation of dehydroxylation kinetics are proposed. These results identify an optimal activation window for kaolinite and provide general insight into thermally driven transformations of layered aluminosilicates.

The study was carried out to investigate the effect of inquiry-based teaching and the lecture method on students’ achievement in Biology in senior secondary schools in the Delta Central Senatorial District. Four (4) research questions were raised, and four (4) hypotheses were formulated and tested at a 0.05 alpha level of significance. The study adopted pre-test and post-test non-equivalent planned variation as a quasi-experimental design. The study sample consisted of 325 biology students, selected using stratified and simple random sampling procedures from schools. The Biology Achievement Test (BAT) was the instrument used in this study and validated by three Experts. Reliability coefficients of 0.76 was established for BAT. The data collected were analyzed using descriptive statistics and independent sample t-test and ANCOVA. The findings of the study are: (i) there is a significant difference in mean achievement and interest scores between students taught with inquiry-based teaching and lecture method, (ii) there is no significant difference between mean scores of male and female students exposed to inquiry-based teaching method on achievement amongst others. It was recommended that inquiry-based instruction be encouraged among Biology teachers to raise students' dwindling interest in the subject and improve students’ achievement.