In the present work a simple, rapid, accurate and precise method has been developed and validated for the determination of Rabeprazole in bulk using UV/visible spectroscopy. Rabeprazole is used for the treatment of GERD and duodenal ulcer. In this development methanol is used as a solvent and solution was scanned at 200 to 400nm range, rabeprazole showed maximum absorbance at 284nm. Linearity was observed in the concentration range of 12-18ug/ml. Percent recovery was found from 99.86% - 100.14%, %RSD for repeatability was calculated 0.628% and for precision inter and intraday was found from0.488% - 0.77% representing the accuracy, repeatability and precision of the method. Validation of the method was carried out for its linearity, accuracy, precision, specificity according to ICH guidelines. On the basis of results obtained it is concluded that the proposed method can be used for the routine analysis of rabeprazole. After method validation interaction studies were performed with chlorazepate dipotassium, both were taken in 1:1 ratio and readings were observed on UV/Visible spectrophotometer for 3 hours at buffers 4, 7.4 and 9. Results support to the fact that rabeprazole interact with chlorazepate dipotassium

Castration is a common procedure that is performed worldwide on animals. This paper undertakes a retrospectively study of castration in dogs in Jos from 2011 – 2016. Medical records from 2 major veterinary institutions were retrieved. A total of 38,201 cases were presented to the small animal units from 1st January 2011 to 31st December 2016. Out of which a total of 299 (1%) dogs were castrated. Based on age of the dogs, 206 (68.9 %) aged 0 – 11months; 55 (18.4%) aged 1year – 1year 11months; 24 (8.03%) aged 2years – 2 years 11months; 4 (1.34%) aged 3years – 3years 11months; 3 (1.00%) aged 4years – 4years 11months; 7 (2.34%) aged 5years and above were castrated. Most dogs castrated were Mongrel 271(90%), Alsatian cross 16 (6%), Rottweiler 6 (2%) and Caucasian 6 (2%). From clinic records, all 299 (100%) castrations performed were through surgical method. The study revealed that majority of dog owners requested that their dogs be castrated before 1year of age, but the demand decreased with increase in age of the dogs

The objectives of the study are to find out the evaluation of dengue indoor vector surveillance done by the teams of Shahdara, Lahore and awareness of health hazards of dengue fever. It was a cross sectional descriptive study. The study was done in UC 3 & 4 of Shahdara, Lahore. There were total of 100 households selected through simple random sampling. The interviewers were assessed using pre designed questionnaire containing questions about dengue team performance and awareness of the household members regarding dengue. Our study suggested a good level of performance of dengue team (83%) as answered by the people. Regarding awareness in general public revealed only little adequate knowledge (8%) but awareness of protective measures was high (71%).Awareness about mosquito as a vector was 73% in our study. Awareness level regarding use of any measure of protection was high (71%) in our study. The respondents were asked about their knowledge about Dengue. Many of them stated that they got knowledge from electronic and print media. The teams were lacking in knowledge and training. These members were not having identity cards or proper uniform. In fact there is acute shortage of the workers in the field. The indoor teams spend less time inside the house and they seem to be in a hurry. Proper checking of all the breeding places will certainly insure the increase in efficacy of the surveillance

This research was done to formulate an optimized Chronotherapeutic Timed Release Tablets (ChrTRTs) containing theophylline, a potent bronchodilator used in the management of asthma in the inner core as a Chronotherapeutic drug delivery system. Theophylline core tablets (TCT) containing Irvingia gabonesis gum (2.5 %w/w) as binder and maize starch (15%w/w) as disintegrant were prepared at a compression pressure of 30 units on the arbitrary load scale. ChrTRTs containing the inner core tablet with Anarcadium occidentale gum, Irvingia gabonesis gum, and Sodium Starch glycolate at varying concentrations (0, 0.5, 1 and 2 % w/w) to achieve a predetermined lag time for chronotherapy were prepared at a compression pressure of 35 units on the arbitrary load scale. The parameters determined were tablet hardness, friability, drug content, disintegration test and in-vitro dissolution studies. The release profile showed that all the ChrTRTs tablets exhibited a distinct lag time before burst release of the theophylline. Lag time was dependent on the amount of starch glycolate in the outer shell. The lag time of all formulations was between 0 to 6 h and it decreased with an increase in the amount of starch glycolate in the outer layer. Formulation ChrTRT2 was considered as the optimized formulation since it yielded a predetermined lag time of 4 h before burst release of theophylline from the ChrTRTs. The indication is that this design can be exploited and utilized to achieve chronotherapeutic drug delivery systems of theophylline for the management of chronic illnesses such as asthma

The clinical efficacy of transabdominal ultrasonography of gastroesophageal reflux disease was presented in the article. 250 patients with clinical and endoscopic signs of gastroesophageal reflux disease were examined. It was determined the length of the abdominal esophagus, the esophageal diameter, lumen width, the thickness and structure of walls. It was also revealed that the most common signs of gastroesophageal reflux disease were the expansion of the diameter of the distal part of the esophagus after intake of liquids, regurgitation of gastric contents into the esophagus in the form of a symmetrical thickening of the walls of the esophagus

Cancer of the ovary represents about 30% of all gynaecological cancers. Surface epithelial tumours are the most commonly diagnosed subgroup. The present study included 80 cases of ovarian tumours diagnosed over a period of 5 years (4 years retrospective and 1 year prospective). The tumours were broadly classified into benign, borderline and malignant groups. The strength of ER expression increased on progressing from benign to malignant tumour morphology. An increase in ER staining grade was observed with increasing FIGO stage. Anti-ER therapy may potentially be of use in patients with advanced disease

The fetal brain injury associated with maternal caffeine administration in rats was studied using the Cajal reactive astrocytes method. Thirty (30) adult female rats were mated and pregnant female rats were divided into three major groups, namely A, B and C. Each group had ten pregnant rats. Group A served as the control and were served distilled water. Groups B and C received 50 mg and 90 mg/kg per body weight of caffeine (Sigma-Aldrich). On the 20th day of gestation, pregnant rats were sacrificed by chloroform inhalation method. Sixty fetuses were randomly selected and weighed. The brains of fetuses were harvested and fixed in 10 % neutral buffered formalin. Sections of the fetal brain were processed histologically using the Cajal reactive astrocytes staining method. Results revealed normal morphological appearance of astrocytes in the brain of fetal rats given distilled water while the sections of fetal brain of rats exposed to maternal administration of 50 mg and 90 mg/kg body weight of caffeine showed increased number of astrocytes that were hypertrophied and are termed reactive astrocytes. There was no significant difference in weights of animals in control group and test groups. Based on the presence of reactive astrocytes observed in the test group, the study suggests that maternal caffeine administration may induce fetal brain injury in rats

Over the recent decades, there has been seismic shift in the field of ocular drug delivery ranging from dosage form design to drug product commercialization. Advancements in the fields of nanotechnology, biomedical engineering and clinical science significantly improved the feasibility of ocular drug delivery. Despite these technological advances, there exists need to deliver drugs in therapeutic levels for the treatment of ophthalmic ailments. Strategies improving pre-corneal residence and enhancing transcorneal penetration of drugs/drug molecules showed a promise for targeted delivery. Delivery of drugs through ophthalmic route is compromised by multitude of factors including but not limited to static, dynamic and metabolic barriers. Iontophoresis appears to be a minimally invasive technique to drive molecules into posterior ocular milieu. In this review, recent developments in the iontophoresis technique for delivery of drugs across the ocular globe is summarized and discussed

Post-dengue fatigue syndrome (PDFS) is not uncommon phenomenon of dengue viral infection. The PDFS has wide spectrum of musculo-skeletal and neurological features. It was observed in 25% of hospitalized patients with dengue. The exact pathogenesis is not known, but this complex interaction of immune, endocrine, musculoskeletal and neurological system act through the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis causing clinical features of fatigue in dengue. Persuade a balanced diet, and converse with patients their nutritional habits. Advice about graded exercise is essential. Anti-depressants are of minimal benefits for post viral fatigue. I performed systematic reviews of the published literature. The database, Pubmed was searched using the term of ‘dengue fatigue’ or ‘Post dengue fatigue’, or ‘post viral fatigue’ and ‘post infectious fatigue’ in any field with no data limits. After exclusion of double entries, I assessed all publications. I included articles related to fatigue due to post viral and dengue viral infection. Two articles were found related to post dengue fatigue syndrome. The rest of the information was extracted from the articles related to post viral fatigue syndrome

The effects of metronidazole (MN) on intestinal absorption properties are less investigated. This work aimed at assessing the effect of MN on piperaquine (PQ) permeability from dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine (DP) co-formulated antimalarial product, across intestinal epithelial membrane. Excised intestinal tissues from New Zealand male albino rabbits (n=2) were loaded with DP equivalent to PQ (100 mg/mL) and MN (100 mg/mL), according to animals’ body weight. Tissues were submerged in tyrode solution (TS) in an organ bath (100 mL). DP alone was similarly loaded in duodenum and ileum as control C1 and C2, respectively. Sampling (5 mL) of TS was taken at 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 6 h post immersion. Analysis of samples was performed using high pressure liquid chromatographic (HPLC) system with Zorbact Eclipse XDB column C8 (150 x 4.6 mm, 4.6 µm), mobile phase containing acetonitrile: 10 mM ammonium acetate (70:30, % v/v). The UV wavelength of detection and flow rate were 220 nm and 0.7 mL/min, respectively. The kinetics of PQ permeation was unaffected by MN. The area under the curve at 2 h (AUC0-2) and 6 h (AUC0-6) for duodenum revealed no difference (0.6285±0.0085 versus 0.6198±0.0083 µg.mLh-1, P=0.500) but lower (2.4863±0.0328 versus 3.3975±0.3638 µg.mLh-1, P=0.008) and for ileum, lower (0.1600±0.0170 versus 1.5408±0.4275 µg.mLh-1, P=0.001) and (0.9460±0.0506 versus 5.6603±0.1073 µg.mLh-1, P=0.011), respectively. The maximum concentration achieved were also lower than the respective controls (P<0.05). MN reduced the permeability of PQ across the intestinal regions. These findings will help to optimize therapeutic implications on concurrent administration

Plants and plant-based compounds are the basis of many of the modern pharmaceuticals used today for the treatment of various dreadful diseases. Medicinal plants have been a major source of therapeutic agents since ancient times, to cure human disease. Nigella sativa L, an annual herbaceous plant commonly known as Kalonji or Black cumin has been used from centuries for treatment of various ailments. Its seeds have been extensively studied in the last 4-5 decades and these studies have reported it to possess a number of medicinal properties. The present study dealt with extraction of Nigella sativa seeds with n-Hexane and GC-MS analysis of the prepared extract. This phytochemical study will be useful in determination of the pharmacological activity of the extract. Major constituents of the extract was found to be trilinolein, thymoquinone and acetoiso vanillone

The aim of this study was to evaluate the cytotoxicity, thrombolytic, anthelmintic and antioxidant activity of mehanolic extract of Litsea monopetala (Family: Lauraceae) leaves in laboratory using in vitro methods. Cytotoxicity test was done by brine shrimp lethality bioassay where the extract concentration was 400, 200, 100, 50, 25, 12.5, 6.25, 3.125, 1.5625, 0.78125 (µg/ml). In vitro thrombolytic activity was performed by clot lysis method using extract concentration 2.5, 5, 10 and 20 (mg/mL) in saline water. Anthelmintic activity test was done by using adult earthworms where 10, 20, 40, 60, 80 (mg/ml) extract concentration were used. Finally antioxidant activity was determined by total phenolic content determination using Folin-Ciocalteu reagent. The crude extract of Litsea monopetala showed cytotoxic activity against brine shrimp nauplii and LC50 value was 41.05(µg/ml) and the investigated thrombolytic activity in our research was 9.52,9.49, 13.64 and 17.50 % respectively as % of clot lysis. The paralysis time were at 76.75 min, 60min, 51.75 min, 44.5 min and 64.5 min and death were at 90.50min, 63.75min, 55.50min, 44.75min and 71min. respectively. The crude extract displayed significant antioxidant activity which was 20.75 (mg of GAE / gm) of extracts. The activities observed could be attributed to presence of some of the phytochemicals which have been related with cytotoxic, thrombolytic, anthelmintic and antioxidant property

Biodegradable gemifloxacin microparticles were prepared to eradicate the resistant type pneumonia. For preparation of microparticles different techniques (solvent evaporation, solvent-evaporation crosslinking, double emulsion and spray drying) were used and compared. The process of spray drying using poly(d,l-lactic co-glycolic)acid was choosen considering the particle size and percentage yield. The critical processes as well as product related parameters were identified by Quality by Design approach. Optimization of formulation was performed by Taguchi design using particle size, percentage yield and percentage encapsulation efficiency as dependent variable while drug to polymer ratio, aspirator rate, inlet temperature and flow rate as independent variable. Optimized formulation was evaluated for particle size, percentage yield, percentage entrapment efficiency, in-vitro diffusion study and aerodynamic behavior. Taguchi design suggest that the batch containing drug to polymer (2:1), aspirator rate(50), inlet temperature (65°C) and flow rate (10ml/min) gives highest encapsulation efficiency (84%) and lowest particle size (2.75µm). The DSC and FTIR study revealed that there was no significant interaction between drug and polymer. The result of diffusion study revealed that the optimized batch was released at a controlled rate. Overall, the proposed formulation can be explored for inhalation route by the patient to achieve better targeting in deeper parts of lungs

Training of nursing student is very important for the professional development and quality of care. The purpose of this study is to assess the gap between theory and training classes in nursing education system at The University of Lahore, Pakistan. 150 nursing student were the subject of this study. Study consist of three objectives first objective was to assess the nature of learning ,theory ,training of nursing student’s second objective was to assess the gap between theory & training classes third objective of the study was to assess the causes of gap between theory and training classes The quantitative and descriptive design is used in this study. The questionnaire consists of two sections i.e. demographic information section and the other section consists of questions regarding nature of learning, theory and training gap and its causes of the nursing students in education system .The result of this study shows that there is gap between theory and training classes among the students .The university focuses on the learning of the students but they lack the confidence similarly, there is weak bonding between students and teacher, communication between students and teacher and less trained clinical instructor as the main cause of gaps between theory and practice gap in the nursing department .The study conclude that student’s theoretical knowledge is better than the training performance. The faculty at the clinical setting is not up to the standard that can decrease the theory and practice gap and enhance the nursing student’s performance

It is very vital for this profession to provide Nursing care and treatment with great quality and respond to client’s requirements. Leadership styles has a great role in professional task achievement, in this study was investigated the relationship between leadership styles (Transformational & transactional leadership style) work related stress in registered staff nurses. The aim of the study was to assess the impact of leadership styles for reducing work related stress among nurses. Quantitative descriptive cross sectional study design was used. Demographic information was presented such as age, sex, education, experience etc. In second part, transactional, transformational leadership style and work load questions are analyzed on the basis of 5 point Likert scale (1= strongly agree 2= Disagree 3= Neutral 4= Agree 5= strongly agree). Simple convenient sampling technique was used and Sample size was 180 Nurses from selected hospital. Reliability was checked on Cronbach, s alpha, it was .925 for Work Load, .969 for Transformational Leadership Style and .803 for Transactional Leadership Style that is reliable. Data was analyzed through SPSS software 21, and results shows that transformational leadership style has significant negative correlation with workload (r = -.673, p =0.00). While transactional has significant positive relation with work load (r =.493, p =.000). Transformational leadership style has negative relationship with work load. While transactional has positive relation with work load

Employing standard precautions means taking precautions with everybody. If precautions are taken with everyone, health care workers do not have to make assumptions about people's lifestyles and risk of infection. Health care workers should have the right to protect themselves against infection, whether it is human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), Hepatitis or anything else. And clients have also the right to get safe service. The main objective of the study is to assess the knowledge, attitude and practices of Nurses on Standard precautions. The quantitative cross-sectional study design was used with random sampling (n=150) from Mayo Hospital. Using the self-administered questioner, data was analyzed SPSS 21 version and application of chi-square test with (p=<0.05). Current study showed that participant always wash hands immediately after removing gloves were 92 %( n=139) agree, nurses should take self-protective measure, 75.3% (n=114) participants were agree. Participant who don’t always wash hands after removing protective gloves were (n=99)92.0% participants were agree. AIDS presents a serious occupational hazard to health care work 94% (n=144) Participants were agree. There was no significant association found in qualification and knowledge of nurses regarding recapping of infected needle, by recapping infected needle risk of AIDS is decrease .The qualification of participants did effect on the recapping of infected needle p=0.083 with chi-square value a which is >.05.Significant association in qualification and transmission of disease by infected needle. Every nurse should have a knowledge attitude and practice of standard precaution. There is a need to improve the knowledge and provide training especially universal precautions transmission of disease

The support of an electronic health record (EHR) is directed under current health care regulation improvement. The EHR provides information that is patient focused and advances patient safety. There are limited data; nevertheless, regarding the perception of nurses headed for the use of the EHR. The purpose of this project was to identify nurses’ perception for the use of the EHR. Design: Quantitative descriptive survey was used to determine perception for the electronic health record. Nurses in a health care system completed an online survey to determine their perception toward the EHR in providing patient care. Generally, participants felt the EHR was beneficial, did not add to the load, enhanced documentation, and would not eradicate any nursing jobs. Nursing recognition and the use of the EHR are compulsory for the successful addition of an EHR and to provision the aim of patient-centered care. Identification of perception and potential obstacles nurses in using the EHR will improve patient protection, communication, decrease costs, and allow those who implement an EHR

Catechin and quercetin are the major bioactive phenolic compound of Acacia catechu, was estimated and validated by RP- HPLC in khadirarista. The analytical method validation was carried out according to ICH method validation guidelines. The development was carried out in Lichrosper 100 C-18(250*4.6*5) column and gradient elution. The determining wavelength was confirmed as 280nm and 360nm for catechin and quercetin. The detection and quantification limits of catechin were 0.57mcg/ml & 1.74mcg/ml and for quercetin 0.52mcg/ml & 1.51mcg/ml respectively. The developed HPLC method is very accurate, precise and cost effective and it can be successfully applied to the assay of marketed formulation