Background: Haemotological abnormalities were common in patients with HIV infection. The common peripheral blood findings include anemia, thrombocytopenia, leucopenia or pancytopenia. These abnormalities may be attributable to the direct toxic effect of the virus on progenitor cells, ineffective hematopoiesis, opportunistic infections, immune mechanisms and drug reactions. Methods: It was a hospital based observational descriptive study conducted in department of medicine and ART centre at S P medical College Bikaner and associated group of hospital. Results: Leucopenia was seen in 46% cases and thrombocytopenia in 13% of cases. Hemoglobin level below 10gm% was seen in 65%. Mean HB level in HIV patients was 8.32±2.64/dl, total WBC level was 4.27±0.54×103 cells/μl, Absolute lymphocytes level was 0.059±0.023×103 cells/μl and platelet level was 13.29±6.76×103 cells/μL. Conclusion: Hematological abnormalities were common in patients with Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome. Hemoglobin concentration, percentage of neutrophils and lymphocytes were significantly reduced.

Aim: The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence of hepatitis B/C diseases among Syrian refugees living outside the temporary accommodation centers in Şanlıurfa city center, and individuals' levels of knowledge and risky behaviors related to these diseases. Methods: The research is cross-sectional. It was carried out with 473 Syrian refugees who were living in Şanlıurfa city center outside the temporary accommodation centers in April 2015 – 2016. Cluster sampling method was preferred in the selection of the sample. The questionnaire form, which was prepared by the researchers, was applied, and a venous blood sample was collected from the individuals during data collection. HBsAg, Anti-HBs, Anti-HBc total and Anti-HCV levels of the blood samples were examined. Descriptive statistics, Chi-square, and Mann-Whitney U tests were used in the evaluation of the data. Statistical analyses were performed at 95% confidence level. p<0.05 value was accepted as statistically significant. Results: Of the Syrians, 62.2% were women and 37.8% men, with a median age of 34.0. 25.6% of participants had never attended school, and 82.2% of them were married. 57.3% of asylum seekers were Arabian, and 41.9% were Kurdish. 80.1% of them didn't know enough Turkish to communicate. Participants' average monthly income was 171$. An average of 8.6 individuals was living in the household, and the individual/room rate was 3.2. 60.3% of Syrian refugees had not heard of hepatitis B disease, and 69.1% of them had not heard of hepatitis C disease. Only 2.3% (n=11) of the individuals correctly answered all the questions about the transmission and prevention of hepatitis B/C diseases. 1.7% of Syrian refugees were HBsAg positive, 23.9% were Anti-HBc total positive, and 0.4% of them were Anti-HCV positive. 25.2% of Syrian refugees were anti-HBS positive, while 7.1% were immunized with the hepatitis B vaccine. There was no statistically significant difference in the distribution of HBsAg and Anti-HC

Mucormycosis is an opportunistic fungal infection primarily caused by fungi belongs to class Zygomycetes, order Mucorales and family Mucoracae. It is common in patient with diabetes mellitus (DM), systemic immunocompromise and iron overload. Here by we present a case report of Rhino- Orbito Cerebral Mucormycosis which is fatal if undiagnosed and unterated in correct time and way.

Objectives: The study was planned to evaluate the role of morphometric analysis of foramen magnum in determining sexual dimorphism. Also, we have compared the measurement of foramen magnum with age of individual. Material & Methods: study was retrospectively and scans of CBCT were retrieved from archives of department. Length and width of foramen magnum in adults was measured. The data was statistically analyzed. Results: Mean length and width of foramen magnum was greater in males (34.65mm, 31.22mm) as compare to females (33.59mm, 30.11mm) and it was statistically significant (p<0.05). Mean length decreased in dimension i.e. from 35.22mm to 33.73mm as age progressed (18-60 years). Conclusion: Sexual dimorphism can be determined using foramen magnum dimensions. However, age estimation by morphometric analysis of foramen magnum requires more research.

Aim: To assess the effects of a voluntary, community-oriented campaign using social media through a multidisciplinary approach on body weight. Setting and Design: A survey, community-oriented using popular social media accounts. Methods: 268 followers from the community participated in the study using a questionnaire, which was constructed by a study group and self-filled online using google drive. Results: A total of 268 followers participated in the study. A healthy program had been applied by 43.3% of the survey respondents, consisting of a unified healthy diet and mild-moderate intensity exercises for less than a year, while only 13.1% applied it for more than a year. Almost half the survey respondents (48.5%) followed the campaign for less than one year, and 41.8% for more than one year. There were changes in diet and nutritional habits on the followers, after following/applying the healthy program. Their habit of practicing physical activities was improved. The voluntary community campaign raised awareness among participants and produced positive psychological eating behavioral changes. Conclusion: There was a significant difference in weight reduction after following the healthy program for more than one year and to a lesser extent for those who followed it for less than one year.

A medico-legal autopsy on an adult if performed completely and systematicall, with a reasonable uniformity and clarity can help in the betterment of outcomes while providing justice. The pre-requisites prior to an autopsy, and a thorough external examination are very important before moving on with the internal examination. In many situations a proper external examination will be sufficient to give a medico-legal report; if done methodically. There are four types of skin incisions employed in a medico-legal autopsy to examine three body cavities. The internal examination can be done using four dissection techniques as outlined in the existing literature. Examination of brain, heart, neck structures, spinal column and genitalia are very important and requires an organized approach in order to not to miss salient findings. Finally, while closure of the cadaver the doctors must bear a very important fact in mind that the body on the table was once housed by a living being and hence s/he must be treated with the same respect and dignity as one would expect him/herself to be treated by others.

Introduction: In India, the number of people with diabetes is increasing day-by-day. Due to a sole “Asian Indian Phenotype,” Indians develop diabetes an era earlier and have an earlier onset of complications. Hence, it is essential to evaluate earlier stage of disease progression. Prediabetes, typically defined as blood glucose levels above normal but below the thresholds of diagnosis of diabetes, is a risk state that defines a high chance of developing diabetes. Methods: The present study was Prospective, open label, comparative, randomized, parallel group, single center study conducted at Department of General Medicine, Shadan Institute of Medical Sciences, Teaching Hospital & Research Centre, Hyderabad. Comparison of two active treatment groups over a period of six months. Sixty patients of either sex in the age of more than 40 years with prediabetes, with HbAlc in the range of 5.7 to 6.4 % at screening as per ADA. The effect of metformin and pioglitazone were observed on various parameters i.e. Serum Insulin, FBG, HbA1c, HOMA-IR. Results: In metformin group the mean change in HOMA-IR from baseline to 6 months was 3.44 to 2.21 (-1.23); on the other hand, in Pioglitazone group from baseline to 6 months was 3.30 to 1.91 (-1.39). Whereas, serum insulin from 37.65 to 28.75 (-8.9) in metformin group; in Pioglitazone group from 37.43 to 23.75 (-13.68). Pioglitazone statistically highly significant than metformin group in improving glycemic indices. Conclusions: Though metformin and pioglitazone were equally effective in improving glycemic indices yet pioglitazone showed better results in improving Serum Insulin, FBG, HbA1c, HOMA-IR as compared with Metformin. Pioglitazone had minimal side effects as compared to Metformin

Background: Malnutrition is a general term and often refers to under nutrition resulting from inadequate consumption, poor absorption, or excessive loss of nutrients, but the term also encompasses over nutrition. Aim of the Study: Aim of the study was to find out the clinical profile and major co-morbidities among hospitalized children with severe acute malnutrition at a tertiary care hospital. Methods: A prospective observational study was conducted in the Department of Pediatrics, Khulna Medical College and Hospital, Khulna, Bangladesh, over one year from January 2019 to December 2019. Result: A total of 1810 children were enrolled and analyzed in this study. Table 1 shows the baseline data of our study. Most 59.67% of patients were from the age group 1-12 months, 588(32.49%) patients were from the age group 13-24 months, and 142(7.85%) patients were from the age group 25-59 months. Conclusion: Determinants of severe malnutrition include faulty feeding practices, ignorance about nutritional needs, repeated infections, large family size, and low socioeconomic status. The weight-height ratio is one of the best among the criteria for identifying SAM, and hence, every child should be screened adequately on presentation.

Background: Psychological stress adversely affects immune function, potentially influencing cancer progression and patient outcomes globally. Objective: This study aims to evaluate the impact of stress on the immune system of cancer patients in Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia, and its correlation with disease progression and treatment response. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in Al-Ahsa during 2019, enrolling 1,000 cancer patients. Stress levels were assessed using the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS). Immune parameters, including cortisol levels, natural killer (NK) cell activity, and cytokine profiles (e.g., IL-6, TNF-α), were measured through blood samples. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 26.0, employing descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, and multivariate regression to examine relationships between stress and immune markers. Additionally, Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was utilized to determine the predictive accuracy of stress on immune dysfunction and clinical outcomes. Results: High stress levels were reported by 68% of patients. Elevated cortisol was observed in 72% of highly stressed patients compared to 28% in low-stress groups (p < 0.001). NK cell activity was significantly reduced in stressed patients, with a mean decrease of 35% (p < 0.001). IL-6 and TNF-α levels were elevated in 65% and 60% of patients experiencing high stress, respectively (p < 0.001). Multivariate analysis revealed that stress independently predicted reduced NK activity (β = -0.45, p < 0.001) and increased pro-inflammatory cytokines (β = 0.50, p < 0.001). Additionally, stress was associated with a 20% higher rate of disease progression (OR = 1.20, 95% CI: 1.05-1.37) and a 15% poorer treatment response (OR = 0.85, 95% CI: 0.78-0.93). ROC analysis demonstrated that the PSS score had an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.82 (95% CI: 0.78-0.86) for predicting immune dysfunction. The combined effect of high stress and immune dysregulation contributed to a 25% increase in overall mortality risk (p < 0.05). Furthermore, subgroup analysis indicated that females exhibited a higher prevalence of stress-induced immune alterations compared to males (75% vs. 62%, p = 0.004). Conclusions: Stress significantly impairs immune function in cancer patients in Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia, correlating with increased disease progression and diminished treatment efficacy. These findings underscore the necessity for integrating stress management interventions in oncology care to enhance patient outcomes.