All dental procedures carry the potential for adverse events. Dealing with the sequelae of the complications and errors that arise in the course of normal practice is therefore part and parcel of a dentist’s working life. The challenges and stresses that this creates are now well recognized, although dental training has, until recently, done little to help dentists prepare for such events, and ongoing professional and personal support is limited

DNA fingerprinting as emerged to be an excellent valuable tool in the field of forensics, unique identification of person and paternity disputes and issues. Genetics are the base criteria of identification. Microbiology runs hand to hand in evaluating these scenarios by the microflora detected. This review explains about the basics, methods, sequencing and role of microbiologists and their perspective in DNA fingerprinting

No matter what type of surgery you choose, you can rest assured that you are in the hands of the most experienced and skilled doctors because laparoscopic or robotics both are operated by a surgeon only. Most patients and physicians would agree that minimally invasive surgery is preferred over traditional open surgery techniques. However, sometimes patients have the choice between two minimally invasive surgery techniques: robotic surgery and laparoscopic surgery. Most surgeons and patients would agree: minimally-invasive surgery is preferable to open surgery. There’s often less post-operative pain, hospital stays are shorter and recovery is easier. Only you and your doctor can decide which is best in your case. But we need to be through on to learn the basics and what to expect with both methods. This review explains about connection in laparoscopic and robotic surgery

Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a progressive diminution in renal function especially in normal excretory and regulatory functions of the kidney. Kidney function is assessed in clinical practice to screen for kidney diseases. It is of prime importance to evaluate kidney function as accurately as possible due to different clinical presentations during the cource of the disease which are often asymptomatic. Evaluation of biochemical markers like serum BUN, creatinine, BUN:Cr ratio and ALP could play an important role in accurate diagnosis and in assessing risk of renal failure that could assists in adopting therapeutic strategies to minimize the mortality rates associated with renal failure. Keeping in view, one hundred patients with varying degree of renal disease categorized as mild, moderate and End stage renal disease (ESRD) were enrolled in the present study. Serum levels of BUN, creatinine, uric acid and ALP were measured and analysed statistically by SPSS software. Males had higher levels of BUN, Creatinine, uric acid compared to females. Serum levels of these markers were found to increase significantly (P<0.05) from mild to moderate CKD to ESRD patients. Thus, indicating role of BUN:Cr ratio as efficient prognostic marker in diagnosis of renal failure. Also pre-dialysis and post-dialysis evaluation of these markers done in ESRD patients resulted in significant decrease in these markers following dialysis. Hence, confirming dialysis as an efficient renal replacement therapy in patients with ESRD

Mishaps such as fractured instruments, ledges and perforations are critical procedures faced by clinicians during endodontic treatment. Fractured instrument is a complex condition especially when the file fractures beyond the apex. There is potential risk of contamination associated with such kind of situation, which compromises the healing process. Management of a fractured instrument beyond the apex is difficult and time consuming. Various devices and techniques have been introduced in endodontics for retrieval of the fractured instruments, but none are consistently successful. This case report describes retrieval of fractured instrument separated beyond the apex using the modern ultrasonic tips

This complete enumeration, cross-sectional, descriptive study was conducted in a slum area of Kalwa, in Thane city, Maharashtra state, India. Anthropometric measurements were carried out on 326 pre-school children (girls: n=146; 44.78% and boys: n=180; 55.22%) aged between 3 and 5 years, so that interventional measures could be initiated. Amongst the study participants, the gender differences in weight-for-height, body mass index and mid upper arm circumference was not statistically significant. When compared with Child Growth Standards of the Indian Association of Paediatrics, both the body mass index and mid upper arm circumference were significantly lower in both sexes, across the three age groups. The present study revealed the ubiquitous existence of under-nutrition without significant gender-related bias among pre-school children. Since under-nutrition in childhood is related to slower cognitive development and substantial deleterious health effects later in life, it is necessary to undertake a multi-pronged approach comprising maternal nutrition education, promotion of infant and young child feeding practices and nutritional supplementation programmes

Intertrochanteric fractures of the femur are commonly seen in the orthopedic department due to increased life expectancy and sedentary lifestyles. Therefore, these kinds of fractures are commonly seen in the geriatric population. Management is, therefore, challenging due to age and associated medical conditions present in the older patients. We in the present study to compare the outcome of surgical management of inter-trochanteric fractures of the femur with the dynamic hip screw (DHS) and proximal femur nailing fixation (PFN). Methods: This cross-sectional prospective study of surgical management of inter-trochanteric fractures of the femur was conducted in the Department of Orthopedics, Mahatma Gandhi Memorial Hospital, Warangal. Based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria a total of n=30 cases were identified during the study period from August 2016 to October 2018. Out of which n= 15 were treated by PFN fixation and n=15 were treated were treated with DHS method. Standard operative and surgical techniques were utilized and postoperative care is done. Follow up of cases in both categories was at 2, 4, 6 weeks, 3 months, 6 months, and 1 year after the surgery. Results: The total numbers of the male were n=16 (53.33%) and female were n=14 (46.66%). The mode of injury revealed 11 cases were due to Road Traffic Accidents (RTA) and trivial falls were found in n= 19 (63.33%) of the patients. In n=18 (60%) the right side was involved in the fractures and in n=12(40%) left side was involved in the fractures. A total of n=14 (46.65%) complications were seen during the operative procedures n=3 (10%) complications each was seen due to failure to get an anatomical reduction, failure to put derotation screw, and Varus Angulation n=2 (6.66%). Conclusion: it can be concluded that PFN and DHS have similar outcomes for stable intertrochanteric fractures but in cases of unstable intertrochanteric fractures PFN may be considered the best option. PFN generally has the advantage of being useful in weak osteoporotic patients and is biomechanically sound as it is done by closed technique, fracture opened only when closed reduction could not be achieved and it is an intramedullary device

Introduction: Diagnosis of neuroborreliosis may be difficult. Neuroborreliosis mainly results in lymphocytic meningitis and in meningoradiculitis. Case report: We report the case of a patient who developed a sudden facial diplegia, revealing neuroborreliosis proved by positive blood and cerebrospinal fluid serology. The patient had no previous history of tick bite and migrans erythema. The patient was given ceftriaxone therapy (2 g/day for 21 days), leading to resolution of all clinical symptoms. Conclusion: Our report underscores that neuroborreliosis should be considered in patients exhibiting facial diplegia. Thus, Lyme serology should be performed systematically in these patients. Altogether, early management is crucial, before the onset of neurological manifestations at late stage, leading to disabling sequelae despite antibiotic therapy

Background: The ridge like impressions noticeable on the entire finger is called fingerprint. The study of fingerprints as a means of identification is called dactyloscopy and this process requires the comparison of the fingerprints of a yet to be identified individual to that of others within a data base to ascertain the extent of similarity; so as to draw inference of its origin. There is paucity of information on the Digital Patterns in Parents and Outcome in Offspring. Aim and Objective: This research was aimed at investigating the combinations of digital patterns in parents and outcome in offspring in Nigerian families resident in Rivers State, Nigeria. This study was done specifically on the digital prints. Materials and Methods: In this study a cross-sectional study design was adopted to determine the inheritance patterns of fingerprint and lip print among 150 families in the study population. The inheritance patterns of these traits were compared to each other. Convenient sample method was used. Generally statistical analysis was performed using XLSTAT (Addinsoft Version 2015.4.01.21575). Chi-square analysis was used to analyse association, trends and distribution difference of the traits (confidence level at 95%). Results and Discussions: The expressivity of the one fingerprint pattern over the other was tested using adjusted Mendelian Chi-square analysis. It was expected that if a trait is dominant over the other it will not have a distribution result that is different from the critical chi-square value of 3.841. Thus, indicating insignificance. Traits with mathematically similar pattern of distribution to that postulated by Mendel will be considered the dominant trait irrespective of its distribution. When the inheritance of the various traits was compared on the assumption of independent existence and dominant-recessive expressivity using the Mendel mathematical model, it was observed that Arch was dominant over Loop and whorl. While loop influenced Whorl in an incomplete fashion. The findings from the study suggest that the finger print pattern is tri-allelic non-codominant with a phenotypic expression of reduced penetrance. Conclusion: This suggests that the finger print pattern is tri-allelic non-codominant with a phenotypic expression of reduced penetrance

Depression is a real illness that impacts the brain: It is a serious illness caused by changes in brain chemistry. Research tells us that other factors contribute to the onset of depression, including genetics, changes in hormone levels, certain medical conditions, stress, grief or difficult life circumstances. Any of these factors alone or in combination can precipitate changes in brain chemistry that lead to depression’s many symptoms. Preliminary results suggest a relationship between vitamin B12 deficiency and increased levels of fatigue and depression in stroke patients. If these findings could be replicated in a larger and general stroke sample, this would open treatment options and may improve quality of life after stroke. High vitamin B-12 status may be associated with better treatment outcome of depression. One possible connection is the effect of vitamin B-12 on the levels of serotonin in your brain, in addition to other chemicals. Serotonin helps to regulate your mood. Low levels of serotonin may be linked to depression. However, recent research has suggested that serotonin may play a smaller role in depression than previously thought. Background/Objective: Recent literature has identified links between vitamin B12 deficiency and depression. We compared the clinical response of SSRI-monotherapy with that of B12-augmentation in a sample of depressed patients with low normal B12 levels who responded inadequately to the first trial with the SSRIs. Methods: Patients with depression and low normal B12 levels were randomized to a control arm (antidepressant only) or treatment arm (antidepressants and injectable vitamin B12 supplementation). The researchers suggest people with depression take a 1-milligram supplement of B-12 daily. More research is needed to fully understand the link between B-12 and depression. Results: A total of 100 depressed patients were screened. Out of 76 patients with low normal B12 levels (76%) were randomized to the treatment group while 24 (24%) were randomized to the control arm. At three months follow up 100% of the treatment group showed at least a 20% reduction in HAM-D score, while only 69% in the control arm showed at least a 20% reduction in HAM-D score (p<0.001). The findings remained significant after adjusting for baseline HAM-D score (p=0.001). Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HRSD), also called the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS), abbreviated HAM-D, is a multiple item questionnaire used to provide an indication of depression, and as a guide to evaluate recovery

We report the case of a girl of 2 years and a half, without a notion of consanguinity, admitted for erythema of both cheeks which appeared 40 days after birth. In view of the notion of photosensitivity and the appearance of poikiloderma found in the clinical examination, the diagnosis of Rothmund Thomson syndrome was retained. Rothmund Thomson syndrome is a rare genetic disorder with autosomal recessive inheritance. It is characterized by the early onset of poikiloderma associated with various cutaneous and extra-cutaneous abnormalities with an abnormally high incidence of cutaneous cancers. There is no treatment of the disease, the care is limited to its consequences

This cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted at a health care facility in a metropolitan city to determine the socio-demographic profile of HIV sero-positive individuals. Written informed consent was obtained from 338 HIV sero-positive persons (173 females; 51.19%; 165 males; 48.81%), aged 18-60 years. Each participant was interviewed and socio-demographic profile was recorded on a pre-validated formatted questionnaire. The mean age of female participants was 35.94  8.07 years (95% CI: 34.63–37.15 years), while that for males was 39.27  8.67 years (95% CI: 37.95–40.59 years), exhibiting highly significant (p=0.0003) gender difference. Most participants belonged to middle and lower middle socio-economic classes. The gender differences were significant among the college educated (p=0.049), the unemployed (p=0.0009), semi-skilled workers (p<0.0001) and skilled workers (p<0.0001). Likewise, significant gender differences were found among participants who were single (p=0.002), married (p=0.007) and those who were widowed/separated/divorced (p<0.0001). Focused intervention for the HIV negative spouses will reduce the possibility of female sero-positivity and mother-to-child transmission of HIV. The findings of this study reveal that HIV-related interventions need to be focused on socio-demographic sub-groups, such as, housewives, semi-skilled and skilled workers and males with higher literacy levels

Myrianthus aboreus is a medicinal plant that is widely distributed in Africa but common in Delta and Edo states of Nigeria. It is applied in folklore remedies in the treatment of some illnesses. This study was done to investigate the antidiabetic potential of the leaf of Myrianthus aboreus and it’s effects on some biochemical parameters of male wistar rats. The rats were divided into four (4) groups of five (5) rats each. Group one (1) which served as non diabetic control received normal saline only. Group 2 served as diabetic control and received normal saline after induction. Group three (3) and group four (4) were diabetic rats treated with 500mg/kg bw and 1000mg/kg bw of the hydromethanolic leaf extract of Myrianthus aboreus respectively, for a period of four (4) weeks. The results obtained showed that the higher dose extract caused a significant decrease in blood glucose level in week 4 of the study.The changes observed in the plasma concentrations of electrolytes, urea and creatinine were not statistically significant. This study showed that, the leaf extract of Myrianthus aboreus demonstrated hypoglycemic effects in alloxan induced diabetic wistar rats

Patients with a severe inflammatory bowel disease or who have corticodependance should be treated by thiopurine drugs, azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine. Although the drugs are usually well tolerated, adverse reactions can occur like bone marrow suppression which is dose-dependent and a delayed side effect requiring regular complete blood count monitoring. We describe a patient with ulcerative colitis who developed azathioprine-induced pancytopenia

Coronary artery diseases manifest in different forms. The pathophysiology of coronary artery diseases are complex in origin and mechanism. There are several factors involved and are contributing together for the atherosclerotic event and its complications. The plaque formation and plaque rupture are the two crucial events which may lead to acute myocardial infarction, one of the manifestations of coronary artery diseases. The matrix are involved from the very beginning of the formation of plaque via collagen formation and deposition of lipid particles in the plaque by transforming the smooth muscle cells. An equally crucial event is the plaque rupture, which occurs by the action of matrix degrading metalloproteinases on fibrous plaque leading to extracellular matrix changes subjected to thrombus formation and subsequently to infarction

Clavicle fractures were considered non-troubling entity in the past. Majority of mid-shaft fractures used to be treated conservatively and many studies reported relatively good results. However, more recent studies have reported poor results following conservative treatment regarding non-union, disabilities and cosmetic reasons. The results of operative treatment improved considerably with the introduction of better implants and awareness regarding disability. The aim of this study was to compare the results of closed versus operative treatment. Methods: Total of 80 patients with displaced midshaft clavicle fractures in two groups of 40 each in conservative and operative groups were compared. Mean age was 30 years range from 18 years to 60 years. All patients in the conservative group were treated using a figure of eight bandages with an arm sling, and in the operative group, curved locking plate was used. All patients were evaluated clinically and radiologically at three weeks, six weeks and after three months of treatment respectively. All patients were followed up for 3 months following the treatment. The outcome was rated using DASH score and Constant Moor scores. Results: The mean fracture union time was significantly lower in the operative group (14.4 weeks) as compared to the conservative group (24.2 weeks). The difference is statistically significant (p<0.05). DASH score and Constant Moore score were significantly better in the operative group. They were 94.2 and 96.4 in operative and 78.2 and 84.4 in conservative group respectively. Conclusion: Within the limitations of the present study it can be concluded that by the operative treatment, fractures of clavicle have improved outcomes in terms of short union time, anatomical restoration of shape and length, early mobilization and fast rehabilitation as compared to conservative treatment in our follow up. Primary fixation of fracture clavicle is of immense importance while treating young, active and persons involved in sports.

Blood Transfusion is a life saving procedure but it involves the risk of transmission of certain diseases like HIV, HBV, HCV, Syphilis and Malaria. So, the donated blood is screened in the blood bank for the above diseases. A survey of the reactivity of the above disease was done at Government Royapettah Hospital for the years 2014 to 2018

Blood transfusion saves so many lives but there is an imbalance between the supply and demand of blood. The WHO policy is to achieve 100% non renumerated voluntary blood donation practice in 2020¹. It can be improved and achieved by analysing the knowledge, attitude and practice towards blood donation among routine blood donors, paramedical students, medical students and common people in Sivagangai district

This study analyses the profile of blood donor such as their age, sex, educational status and socio-economic status, their willingness for repeat blood donation. The blood donors who came to donate blood at blood bank, Govt. Sivagangai Medical College in the year 2018 were the sample population of the study. This analysis will help in implementation of steps to convert voluntary blood donor to routine repeat blood donors which will reduce the scarcity of blood

In a recent article Morton et al. reported about a new-born female with mitochondrial disorder(MID) due to a mutation in the AIFM1 gene on chromosome Xq26.1 encoding for a mitochondrial matrix protein with oxidoreductase activity involved in electron transport, apoptosis, ferredoxin metabolism, reactive oxygen species generation, and immune system regulation. The patient obviously manifested also in the lungs with follicular bronchiolitis and hypertrophic walls of pulmonary arteries. Overall, this interesting report could be enriched by genetic investigation of the aunt with multiple sclerosis, a more detailed description of the nerve conduction and electromyographic studies, revision of the cerebral MRIs, prospective investigations of clinically unaffected organs, and by excluding autonomic neuropathy