The name ichthyosis comes from the Greek word for "fish" because sufferers can have dry, scaly skin. The HARLEQUIN Baby disease or congenital ichthyosis of the Harlequin fetus type is an orphan genetic disease that mainly affects babies and young children Harlequin Ichthyosis is a very rare genetic disease with an estimated prevalence of less than 1/1000,000 associated with significant morbidity (<50%) and mortality shortly after birth. Diagnosis is based on clinical examination (brown, scaly and very dry skin making it difficult for the baby to move), skin biopsy and analysis.

Simpson-Golabi-Behmel syndrome (SGBS) is a rare genetic disorder that is characterized by the overgrowth of various parts of the body. We present a unique case of a young man with SGBS associated with pituitary insufficiency. This association has not been described yet in the literature. The patient was diagnosed with SGBS at 12 years, which was further confirmed through genetic testing (de novo nonsense mutation of the GPC3 gene). At the age of 18, the patient consulted for alteration of the general condition with asthenia. Laboratory evaluation revealed pituitary insufficiency consisting of central hypothyroidism associated with partial secondary adrenal insufficiency. The pituitary MRI was unremarkable. So far, Pituitary insufficiency has never been described in SGBS cases. To our knowledge, this is the first case reported in the literature.

The prevalence of atopic dermatitis (AD), spanning across from childhood through adolescence is increasing in the Middle East region. Poor Quality of Life (QoL), excessive healthcare expenditure, loss of school and workdays are considered to be the significant burden of AD. Although, QoL data is available for children affected by AD in Saudi Arabia, there is limited data for adolescents and adults. Moreover, data on healthcare resource utilization (HCRU) in Saudi Arabia is lacking. The purpose of this review was to evaluate the association between AD severity and AD-related QoL and HCRU in adolescents and adults in Saudi Arabia. It also aimed to identify the gaps in literature on AD in the above two patient populations in Saudi Arabia and provide recommendations for better management of QoL and HCRU- related issues. Extensive literature search was carried out through various search engines, such as PubMed, MEDLINE, Web of Science, and Google Scholar using different keywords. This review highlighted the lack of literature from Saudi Arabia with respect to the effect of AD on QoL and HCRU in adult and adolescent populations. The gaps in data regarding patient perception, physician knowledge, family and caregiver burden, and QoL for better AD management related HRQoL and HCRU in Saudi Arabia were also identified and recommendations to bridge these gaps were provided.

Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the leading causes of mortality in children worldwide, but there remain significant challenges in diagnosing and treating TB infection and disease. Tuberculous (TB) meningitis is the commonest infectious disease of the central nervous system in paediatric and geriatric cases. Childhood TB is an indication of failing TB control in the community. It allows disease persistence in the population. Tuberculosis can be prevented in children by diagnosing and treating cases of active TB amongst adults, as paediatric cases always acquire it passively from household contact of adults suffering from TB as disease in adults is multibacillary. Although significant data is available for the prevention of childhood extra-pulmonary and disseminated TB, offering Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccination, it is still not routinely offered during vaccination. In this case report, a two-year child with a history of failure to thrive and constitutional symptoms diagnosed with disseminated extra-pulmonary TB presenting as TB meningitis with a history of contact with the mother suffering from active sputum positive pulmonary TB receiving anti-TB treatment. Child was evaluated with CT brain plain and contrast and documented meningeal enhancement. Cerebrospinal fluid analysis revealed tuberculous etiology in presence of lymphocytic predominance and raised ADA level in fluid. CSF fluid sent for cartridge based nucleic acid amplification test documented MTB genome with rifampicin sensitivity. We retrospectively analysed mothers’ sputum examination and observed higher grades of sputum AFB and her cartridge based nucleic acid amplification test revealed MTB genome with rifampicin sensitivity. Child and mother were treated with standard protocol recommended by NTEP (National Tuberculosis elimination program). In conclusion, we recommend BCG vaccination to all newborns, and tuberculin skin testing and isoniazid prophylaxis to the contact of adults with sputum positive pulmonary TB cases in India to prevent transmission of disease from mother to baby. A high index of suspicion is must while evaluating these cases and all possible measures should be taken to confirm tuberculosis to have successful treatment outcome.

Appendiceal mucocele is a rare pathology, which poses a double problem by its potential malignancy and the risk of peritoneal pseudomyxoma in case of perforation. We report here the case of a 57 year old patient operated for anal fistula in whom the clinical examination revealed a mass of the right iliac fossa. Ultrasound showed a cystic pericaecal mass. The patient underwent a laparoscopic appendectomy removing the caecal base and the appendicular operative specimen measured 130 mm in length and 64 mm in diameter. Pathological analysis of the specimen confirmed the diagnosis of appendiceal mucocele without malignant cells. The postoperative course was simple and the patient was discharged on the sixth postoperative day. The aim of this study was to show the diagnostic and therapeutic features of this condition in our context.

Artificial intelligence is defined as "the study and improvement of computer systems capable of performing tasks typically requiring cognitive abilities, such as image perception, speech recognition, decision making, and language translation." When a computer imitates analytical traits such as "learning and problem-solving," which humans normally connect with other human brains, the term "AI" is employed. A profusion of studies and papers on the function of AI in restorative dentistry have been published in recent years, with the majority of the efforts focusing on recognising and diagnosing dental disorders such as caries, gum disease, and tooth fractures. The major purpose of this study is to undertake a thorough review of prior research on the impact of artificial intelligence on restorative dentistry. The relevance of the theme tooth reconstruction was prioritised during the search. AI has achieved important improvements in a wide range of medical fields, most notably in dentistry for the diagnosis, localization, classification, estimation, and assessment of dental disease. This review only covers seven papers on the impact of AI on restorative dentistry. Artificial intelligence (AI) has advanced significantly as a powerful tool for computerised tooth repair during the previous two decades. More study is needed, however, to compare different types of AIs and assess their clinical usefulness in occlusal interface restoration.

To achieve a more appealing smile, an orthodontic technique known as Invisalign might be utilised. Invisalign procedures may be beneficial if you have an overbite, crossbite, or deepbite. Transparent plastic aligner trays are used to gradually straighten the teeth during the operation. Patients may maintain their oral health and wellbeing by simply removing the trays, without having to worry about brackets and wires that may make it difficult. The primary goal of this study is to evaluate previous studies and review all available evidence on how Invisalign can treat deep bites. The comprehensive search will use Medline, PubMed Central, Embase, and other databases. The literature review is completed in English with the goal of reviewing the material that describes how Invisalign can treat deep bites. In recent years, the importance of appearance in personal and professional lives has spurred significant interest in orthodontic treatment among adults. The transparency of the Invisalign appliance boosts its visual appeal for mature patients who are hesitant using conventional labial fixed braces.

To study the epidemiological-clinical profile of sickle cell patients in the health district of Bla. Method: This was a prospective and descriptive study over 1 year, from February 2021 to January 2022; relating to all patients who were screened with the TDR_Sikle Scan and/or followed up during the study period. Results: We performed the TDR in 982 patients from all the consultations (N= 2976). The mean age was 29.6 ± 3.8 years. SS and SC sickle cell disease represent 8.04% (79 cases). Children 23.52% (28 patients) and women 64.35% (51 patients). SS married couples represented (13.92%). Anemia was the most common reason for consultation (47%), followed by bone and joint pain (29%). 33% of the patients (26 cases) had a complication, of which 15 patients had had a CVO and 6 patients (23%) a worsening of the anemia. We have recorded 1 death. Conclusion: regular medical follow-up of sickle cell patients considerably improves the vital prognosis. The frequency of sickle cell traits remains high including SS and SC forms.

The aim is to study acute appendicitis in the surgery department of the Markala Reference Health Center. Patients and Methods: We conducted a retrospective study in the general surgery department of the reference health center which took place over a period of 35 months from October 1, 2019 to October 30, 2021. The retrospective period was from the month of October 2019 in October 2020 then follows the prospective period until October 2021. Inclusion criteria: Were included in our study; all patients with appendicitis or its complicated forms in the general surgery department of the Csréf in Markala. Non-inclusion criteria: Were not included in our study; cases of appendicitis outside the general surgery department of the Csréf. -Appendicitis accounted for 58.2% of hospitalizations or 31% of emergency surgeries performed during the study period. 85.4% of the patients were without medical-surgical ATCD, on the other hand the oldest of our patients was 61 years old; the average age was 29 years old and the youngest was 13 years old. Furthermore, we note that there was no age of onset of appendicitis. The treatment received by all of our patients was appendectomy (93 cases were operated on urgently and the 10 cases were first cooled and then operated on 3 months after the medical treatment). No major complication was noted in our patients, apart from three cases of infection of the surgical site related to the fact that it was an appendicular abscess. Conclusion: Acute appendicitis is one of the most common surgical emergencies in digestive surgery. Its diagnosis is essentially clinical, sometimes made difficult by the absence of anatomo-clinical parallelism linked to the polymorphism of the lesions and the variations in the position of the organ in the abdominal cavity. Untreated, it can progress to serious complications (generalized peritonitis). It is a condition with low morbidity and mortality subject to early diagnosis and surgical treatment.

Described since the 15th century by Ambroise Paré, adult hydrocele is an abnormal collection of serous fluid in the space between the parietal and visceral layers of the tunica vaginalis It is generally a lesion acquired by attack of the integrity of the vagina, unlike the hydrocele of the child due to the persistence of the peritoneal-vaginal canal. Purpose: To study the epidemiological, clinical and therapeutic aspects of hydrocele in the reference health center of Fana. Methodology: A descriptive prospective study, conducted from January 1, 2020 to December 31, 2020 of the CSRéf of Fana. Results: We collected 66 cases of hydroceles be 16.8% of surgical activities. The average age of disease was 49.27 ± 4 years. The age of 60 to 74 was the most represented with a frequency of 39.4%; Harming during physical activities has been the most common reason for consultation and accounted for 51%. The hydrocele was idiopathic in the majority of our patients in our study, or 65%. The nature of the vaginal fluid was yellow citrin in the majority of patients or 90.9%. Hernie was the most frequently associated pathology with the hydrocele (11 out of 26) or 42%. The Bergman technique was used in 77% of patients and closing the peritoneo-vaginal canal in 23%. Morbidity was 4.5% (3 cases) with hematoma type and 1.5% (1 case) with type of infection. The mortality rate has been zero. Conclusion: Vaginal hydrocele is a pathology that remains frequent in tropical regions. Surgical treatment by total vaginal resection with hemostatic overlock gives good results. Its morbidity is low, dominated by intrascrotal hematoma and infection of the surgical site which are generally well controlled by rigorous care.

Necrotizing fasciitis is an infection of the skin and deep subcutaneous tissues, spreading along the fasciae and adipose tissue, mainly caused by Group A streptococcus (Streptococcus pyogenes) but also by other bacteria such as Vibrio vulnificus, Clostridium perfringens or Bacteroides fragilis. Objective: To report a case of Necrotizing Fasciitis received at the Markala Reference Health Center. Clinical observation: It was a 45-year-old rice farmer with no known medical-surgical history received for an extensive wound on the right upper limb evolving for three months with impaired general condition and consciousness. The onset of the symptomatology dates back to about 3 months marked by a paronychia of the pulp of the right thumb extended secondarily to the right forearm. The physical examination finds an extensive necrotic wound of the right upper limb presenting voluminous blisters of brown color with a black background filled with purulent and smelly serosities. The diagnosis of Necrotizing Fasciitis was strongly suspected due to the presence of Pyogenic Streptococcus (Sensitive to gentamycin and Amoxicillin) in the pus sample. The patient was therefore put on antibiotic therapy combining Clavulanic acid at a rate of 2g x 3 per day and gentamicin at a rate of 160 mg per day with wide excision of necrotic tissues under general anesthesia in the operating room followed by a daily dressing with 30V hydrogen peroxide and Polyvidone iodine. The evolution was very favorable with a directed healing on D16. Conclusion: Necrotizing fasciitis is distinguished by its increasingly increasing and worrying frequency, its clinical severity and its detrimental character from a functional and vital point of view, which is why its management must be early.

Background: Dry eye is a multifactorial pathology caused by a progressive dysfunction of the lacrimal and Meibomian glands which often leads to reduced aqueous tear production and increased tear evaporation. All these disorders are associated with ocular discomfort such as watering and redness of the eyes resulting from irritation of the ocular surface particularly the cornea. Dry eye is identified as one of the complications of diabetes. Diabetes mellitus is a systemic risk factor for dry eye disease. Objective: To determine the prevalence of dry eye disease in diabetics compared to non-diabetics at National Eye Centre Kaduna. Methods: This study is a comparative cross-sectional study. The study population comprised of types 1 and 2 diabetic patients who are 18years and above attending National Eye Centre Kaduna and non-diabetics age and sex matched subjects. The ocular surface disease index (OSDI) questionnaire was used to subjectively identify subjects with DED. All participants underwent Schirmer’s test and a Tear break-up time to objectively make a diagnosis of DED. Results: A total of 200 participants were assessed in this study. Their ages ranged from 32-74 years (mean 53.2±9.7). Respondents within the age range of 56-65 years had higher frequency of dry eye disease (DED) 43.5%. More females had DED 61.35%. Those with secondary educational status had the highest frequency of DED 40.3%. Diabetic subjects within the age range of 56-65 years old had higher frequency of DED 88.6%. Females have higher rates of DED 80.8%, as against 61.8% among males’ non-Diabetic subjects. Subjects with secondary educational status had the highest frequency of DED 87.5% in diabetic subjects while 71% in non-diabetic. The housewives had the highest percentage of DED 89.5% in diabetic subjects while 95% in non-diabetic subjects. The result further revealed the prevalence of 76% among diabetic patients while prevalence of 48% for non-diabetic patients. A significant positive correlation between subjective assessment and objective clinical tests. Conclusion: Patients with diabetes have a higher prevalence of DED than non-diabetic population in National Eye Centre, Kaduna. Women were found to have a higher prevalence. There was a significant association between DED and duration diabetes. There is a correlation between objective clinical tests and subjective assessment in both diabetic and non-diabetic population.

Road traffic accidents are the second cause of mortality between 30 and 40 years worldwide. They are 1,2 million injured or disabled person. It was a prospective and descriptive study of 223 cases of road accidents, occurring from 01 January to 31 December 2020 and consulted at the CSREF of FANA, of which. Objective was to study the trauma caused by the public road accidents at the FANA reference health center. Results: During our study period we have completed 13471 Curative consultations, 6130 Emergency Home Consultations, 45.5% of which 223 AVP cases are 3.64%. The frequency of road accidents in the FANA CSREF is 3.64%. The average age observed in our sample was 27.51 ± 15.57 with extremes ranging from 4 to 70 years. A male predominance, 72.6% and a 2.65 ratio sex. The most represented socioprofessional layer is students and students with 34.5% case. The wound lesion is the most observed 63.2%. Cases of type ski-type accident accounted for 36, 8% of the cases. Conclusion: traffic accidents nowadays constitute a growing threat of precious losses in human life and disabilities for our populations, which constitutes a potential waste human resources and economic growth.

The aim was to carry out an epidemioclinical and therapeutic study of fractures of the penis at the Csréf in Markala. Patients and methods: This is a retrospective prospective descriptive study of 13 cases of fracture of the penis during four years at the Csréf of Markala from 01 January 2019 to 01 January 2023. All patients who had a treated penis fracture were included in our study. All patients who had other forms of trauma to the penis other than a penis fracture were excluded. Results: The frequency of fracture of the penis was 14.8% compared to other urological injuries. The average age of our patients was 36.30 years with extremes ranging from 25 to 54 years. 53.8% of our patients were single. The average consultation time was 14.8 hours, with extremes ranging from 3 hours to 47 hours. The approach was longitudinal in some cases and in other cases a circumferential incision or at the level of the balano preputial fold. The most frequent complications were penis bending, with 15.5% (2 patients), urethral fistula was observed in one patient (7.7%), and we also noted cases of fibrosis of the erectile bodies (23.1%). Conclusion: The fracture of the penis is a real uro-andrological emergency, and the treatment must be rapid and effective in order to avoid irreversible after-effects, which may even lead to erectile dysfunction or urethral stricture in these patients. The approach must be appropriate in order to prevent short, medium and late complications.

The tumor of the orbital region is defined as a progressive and abnormal increase in the volume of the orbit, its contents or as a progressive, abnormal and simultaneous increase in the volume of these two structures, due to an excessive multiplication of tumor cells leading to a exophthalmos. The objective of this work is to study the clinical, paraclinical and therapeutic aspect of this lesion, and to identify the histological type of the tumor. It was Mrs. AD mother of a child, aged 19, with no known medical and surgical history; admitted on September 28, 2022 to the stomatology and maxillofacial surgery department of the Nianankoro Fomba hospital in Ségou for right ocular exophthalmos accompanied by pain and visual disturbance. Surgical treatment consisted of orbital exenteration, avoiding recurrences and postoperative superinfections and restoring the aesthetics of the face. The cytology result of the surgical specimen reveals a moderately differentiated sarcoma. Facial region tumors are lesions that aesthetically affect patients. Their prognosis and therapeutic follow-up after surgery depend on the histological type confirmed by cytological examination of the surgical specimen.

Thyroid lipomatosis is a rare disease, characterized by diffuse infiltration of the stroma by mature adipose tissue, leading to increased size of thyroid gland. The pathophysiology of diffuse proliferation of adipose tissue in the thyroid gland is unclear. Our study involves 2 cases with thyroid lipomatosis treated in surgical department B, Ibn Sina University Hospital. In the 2 cases studied, the average age was 50 years and the 2 patients were female. The 2 patients had consulted for a cervical swelling and the physical examination had found a goiter in both patients. They were treated with total thyroidectomy, and the postoperative follow-up was simple, with no deplorable complications. Pathological examination of the surgical specimen showed infiltration of the entire thyroid parenchyma by mature adipocytes, without any sign of hyperplasia, malignancy or amyloid deposition. Diffuse thyroid lipomatosis is considered a rare condition with about 20 cases described in the literature. This entity has no malignant evolutionary potential and the complications are of a mechanical nature.

Retroperitoneal cystic masses can be benign or malignant, purely cystic or with solid components. Several diagnoses can be evoked in front of a retroperitoneal cystic mass among which: the hydatid cyst of the psoas. The hydatid cyst of the psoas constitutes an exceptional localization of hydatidosis, even in hydatid endemic countries such as Morocco where hydatidosis remains frequent. We report 2 cases of hydatid cyst of the psoas, collected in the department of visceral surgery B at the CHU Ibn Sina in Rabat during a period of 5 years. Our objective was to focus on the diagnostic and therapeutic difficulties of this condition. The clinical symptomatology consists of lateralized pain or at the level of the iliac fossa, it can be associated with an infectious syndrome which directs towards an abscess of the psoas but most often the evolution is done in a context of apyrexia and conservation general condition. The thoraco-abdominal CT confirmed the diagnosis and made it possible to specify the seat of the cyst and its neighborhood relationships. Therapeutic management was surgical in all cases; the diagnosis was made intraoperatively. The technique used was resection of the protruding dome via the midline, sub umbilical abdominal route for the first patient and pericystectomy via the Jalaguier approach for the second patient. The postoperative course was favorable in both cases and no case of recurrence was reported in our series.

Background: Pain is a subjective and an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage or injury. It can also occur without actual tissue damage, even though the patient refers to it. Pain is a conscious experience, an interpretation of the nociceptive input influenced by memories, emotional, pathological, genetic, and cognitive factors. Pain promotes defensive action and future avoidance behaviour, which requires associating defensive behaviour with resultant changes in pain. Pain has been a predominant health concern for mankind since the dawn of recorded history, and pain control is one of the cardinal objectives of the practice of medicine. It is the most common symptom of disease reported to physicians; more than 80 % of all patients who present to hospitals and clinics do so because of pain. Pain affects the general health, psychological health, social and economic well-being of an individual. The annual cost of uncontrolled chronic pain in the general population is in amount of hundreds of billions of dollars. Objective: The work discussed the evaluation tools and protocols, strategies for pain control, and future therapeutic drug targets for pain and analgesia. Method: The literature search used for the narrative review employed electronic databases in the search for relevant research articles, and they included scopus, pubmed, medline, google scholar, and the directory of open access journals. Others were the use of standard textbooks and the review of references of identified journal articles. Articles on pain and analgesia were identified and reviewed for selection. The keywords used in the search were: ‘’Pain evaluation, Pain assessment, Pain control, Pharmacotherapy of pain, Pain management, Types and characteristics of pain, Aetiology/ Cause of pain, Classification of pain, Severity of pain, Measurement of pain intensity, Pain evaluation tools, and Novel therapeutic drug targets for pain’’. The exclusion criteria used, included articles not written in English and those articles that hinged the clinical management of pain on herbal and alternative medicines (e.g., acupuncture, homeopathy etc.). Result: One hundred and ninety-seven works, ranging from published journal articles to non-journal articles were identified. A total of 82 research works, monographs and textbooks were selected. The works were extracted and reviewed after screening of the titles and abstracts, and in compliance with the inclusion/ selection criteria. Conclusions: Clinical pain is a serious public health concern. Pain evaluation is a multi-strategic observational assessment of a patients’ pain experience. The tools (self-report, behavioural and physiological) for pain evaluation have been demonstrated to be clinically effective in assessing acute pain. Pain evaluation is crucial and clinically useful for an effective and successful pain management. Pharmacotherapy is a critical component in the clinical management of pain, including acute, chronic and acute-on-chronic pain.

The trend in global food safety production, processing, distribution, and preparation is creating an increasing demand for food safety research in order to ensure a safer global food supply. The aim of this study is to assess the level of food hygiene practises of food handlers and their health implications in fast food restaurants in Port Harcourt, Rivers State. The study employed a cross-sectional descriptive survey to investigate the hygiene practises of food handlers. Also, an experimental method of analysis was used to determine the microbial quality of food served in restaurants. The data were also collected with the aid of a well-structured questionnaire through face-to-face interviews. A Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS, version 20.0) was used to analyse the collected data. Descriptive statistics were used to display the results of the study, and the statistical association was ascertained with the chi-square test. From the results, 105 (66%) reported having good knowledge of food hygiene practises. 70 (36.8%) received training and had a certificate in cooking, while 120 (63.2%) did not. The respondents were assessed on their means of food preservation; 140 (73.7%) reported they stored food in refrigerators. Personal observation from the restaurants showed that adequate protection of food from flies and dust scored 40 (44%), while no protection scored 50 (56%). In conclusion, there is relatively low knowledge among respondents about the health implications of fast food restaurants. The majority of restaurant owners are not well or fully aware of the HACCP system in formal setups. The Ministry of Health, through the public health authorities in the urban centre, should adequately educate all restaurant owners, managers, staff, and other stakeholders on system implementation.