In this paper, we build a formal, rigorous economic model for foreign language learning, taking language input and language output as two crucial factors working jointly to generate language competence. The central idea behind our model is that the learner, constrained by limited resources, is confronted with a tradeoff between input-oriented training and output-oriented training. First, one major contribution of our modeling lies in its effort to reconcile the Input Hypothesis with the Output Hypothesis in the literature by showing that one important aspect of the learner’s learning strategy, i.e. the input-output mix, is crucially dependent on the learning environment. Second, our modeling provides guidelines for data based empirical research, where the partial effects of the variables of interest can be estimated and hypotheses on the directions and magnitudes of the effects can be tested, econometrically. Third, our modeling also provides insights that can assist language instructors in making and fine-tuning teaching strategies.

This paper aims to analyze the sonnet 138 written by William Shakespeare from a stylistic point of view. The division of Shakespeare‟s sonnets is shown. A short introduction to both style and stylistics in literature are written. For further facilitation, a short introduction to Shakespeare, the sonnet 138 and its themes are given. The stylistic analysis of the sonnet is shown from four sides. Graphological, grammatical, phonological and lexical analyses are shown. This paper will help to understand the structure and style of Shakespeare‟s sonnet number 138. Moreover, the themes and ideals of Shakespeare will also be understood.

The purpose of this to determine the role of community on provision of teaching and learning resources in public primary schools in Nandi North subcounty. The study was informed by Epstein theory [34]. It employed descriptive survey design. The study targeted 104 public primary schools. It then took 30% of the target population to get 31 head teachers, 31 school chairpersons and 354 teachers. It used simple random sampling to select individual respondents. Cronbach alpha was used to test the reliability of the instruments which was found to be 0.72. Content validity of the instrument was determined by discussing the items in the instrument with the supervisors. Data was coded and analyzed with the aid of Statistical Packages for Social Sciences (SPSS) using descriptive statistics to help generate percentages, frequencies. The study found out that the community has not provided other relevant instructional materials adequately. The findings from teachers showed that the community has contributed 55.9 percent of leaning books to their schools. Moreover, 118(33.3%) teachers said yes when asked whether the community has provided other relevant items that can be utilized as instructional materials while 236(66.7%) said no. The study recommended that all stakeholders in the community be sensitized to participate in the provision of teaching and learning resources in schools. The researcher payed keen attention to research ethical issues and got the informed consent of the respondents and guarded against plagiarism and ensured confidentiality.

The Islam is very clear that Minorities should be treated equally by the State which follows Islam. Fundamental rights are available to the Minorities in Islamic territories. Besides it, they are having certain special rights for the protection of their culture and religion. They have full right to profess and practice religion or faith of their choice. The State will be duty bound to protect their place of worship. They will be protected from all types of violence and aggression. The Quranic injunctions and prophetic traditions guarantee a society, where all citizens of the state enjoy equal rights irrespective of their religion.

Ministry of energy and petroleum in Kenya has a vital role in supporting the Kenya government‟s development agenda. Despite having records management systems in place, service delivery at the ministry of energy and petroleum has been poor and inefficient. This state has been brought about by inadequate records management systems. Badly managed records adversely affect development agenda. Development projects are often difficult to implement and sustain effectively and efficiently in the absence of well managed records. The aim of the study was to investigate the application of records management best practices to service delivery at the ministry of energy and petroleum, Kenya and to suggest strategies for improvement.

The government work report is a kind of style with Chinese characters of language expression. Therefore, when translating it, the translator must first understand the source language’s expression and analyze the discourse in order to make effective language conversion. Cohesion is one of the important methods of discourse analysis. In this paper, the author, taking 2017 government work report as an example, analyzes the application of discourse cohesion in government work report, emphasizing the importance of cultivating the ability of intralingual understanding and the awareness of cohesion in the process of Chinese to English Translation.

This paper, in a two-pronged interrogation first contends that the interpretive enterprise has, overtime, drawn, and still draws from disparate insights by seminal thinkers, from Aristotle through Matthew Arnold to the emergence of the „subversive‟ Modern Literary and Critical theories, which are paradoxically „sub- versions‟ of those coalescence of in sights from those of the classical seminal thinkers to the present. Predicating its second contention on the first above, this paper argues that the process of accessing meanings in a literary text presupposes the resolution of a number of issues, issues that border on Attridge‟s (1988) „shifting web of socially produced relations, judgments, and distinctions which eventually opens it to change and cultural variation‟, as well as those issues that transcend the literary to the political, the economic, the psychological, the social, and the philosophical. Consequently, the paper concludes that the interpretation of African literary text may be open to all nature of critics and critical paradigms, but what remains indubitable is the fact that no single critical standard can sufficiently engage the nuances of an African literary text as to present to the readers all its possible vistas, more so, given the composite construct or elements of an African literary text, and the fact that most of those theories were not particularly cognizant of the peculiarities of Africa‟s pre-colonial history , and literary heritage. Further, this paper suggests the employment of diverse critical parameters from across the disparate critical standards in any reading of an African text.

Labor union is one apex body of labor which is established with the purpose of advocacy and bargaining for the rights and benefit of labor. Union itself is power which can discuss with government and non-government organization for the betterment of labor. The labor union advocates on the different types of needs and right of labor, but the study has explore the role of labor union in promotion of physical facilities for workers of manufacturing industries of Bara and Parsa district of Nepal. In total 385 workers were selected randomly for the structured questionnaire survey. The statistical analysis of eight indicators measured in the field to know the status of physical facilities shows that in total only 39.68% workers agreed that labor union had played the effective role to manage the physical facilities for labor union which is not satisfactory result on the basis of objective of labor union. So, the role of labor union should be more effective and need to develop the new strategy of their action.

Most public pre-school centres in Kenya have stalled programmes marked by irregular and delay of teachers’ salaries, inconsistent feeding programmes, poor infrastructure and unclear policy guidelines. It is clear that financial management strategies are crucial for efficiency to be realized in finances in ECDE centres. This study was guided by the following objectives: . To establish existing planning strategies in the financing public pre-school education and to examine alternative planning strategies for financing public pre-school education in Eldoret East Sub-County. This study adopted a descriptive survey design. The study targeted 1 sub-county education officers, 174 Head Teachers, 174 Pre-school teachers and 174 SMC chairpersons in the Eldoret East Sub- County. It used a purposive sampling for the 1 sub-County educational officers and simple random sampling for the 52 Head Teachers, 52 Pre-school teachers, 52 and 52 SMC chairpersons. The researcher used questionnaires and interview. Data was presented using tables and figures. The study findings indicated that there was a significant relationship between planning strategies employed and financing preschool education. The study recommends that there is need for ECDE management committee to plan for resources early enough before spending to curb waste.

Seemingly quaint and unbearable as it is at the very age of American poetic revolution, Howl seems to raise the extensive attentions of poetic scholars around the world who have been impressed by his leading impression on beat generation and poetic forum owing to his organic integration of his own sexual identity into the poetic publicity and popularity of his poetic production instead of his poetic oneness concerning the spatial form in the poem. To raise poetic scholars‟ academic attention and interest in highlighting the academic values of this poem in this regard, this essay will give a new interpretation of it by making an exploration of its abstract spatial form, perceptive spatial form as well as imaginative spatial form one by one.

The incident before tsunami there are several different madrasah management with madrasah today including: first the madrasah is still an improvement in education less meet the needs of each madrasah. Both centralized madrasah education have such weaknesses as focusing only on system level changes rather than on institutional levels. The three improvement of education more emphasis on the availability of system input (interview with the head of madrasah aliyah Darussalam country). The first formulation of the problem why the head of madrasah needs to have managerial competence in improving the quality of management of madrasah aliyah in the post-tsunami country? Second, how is the managerial competence of head of madrasah aliyah in improving the quality of madrasah aliyah management in post tsunami Aceh? The research objectives are first to find out why the head of madrasah needs to have managerial competence in improving the quality of madrasah aliyah post tsunami. Second want to know how the managerial competence of the head of madrasah aliyah in improving the quality of madrasah aliyah management in post tsunami Aceh. The usefulness of this research is theoretically this research is expected to add and deepen the science in the field of management of Islamic education related to managerial competence of head of madrasah aliyah and improvement of management quality at madrasah aliyah.

This study investigated the extent to which the implementation of the FSE has contributed to availability of teaching and learning resources in Keiyo District, Kenya. This study was an Ex-post-facto descriptive research that examined the situation as it was on the ground without any manipulation of variables. The target population of the study comprised a total of 37 secondary schools that present candidates for KCSE in Keiyo district. Keiyo District was chosen in this study because it is one of the districts that has high poverty index and therefore likely to benefit more from the FSE policy. The sample consisted of 25 secondary schools drawn through stratified random sampling technique. The instruments for data collection were: self-administered questionnaires, interview schedule and document analysis e.g. inventories, circulars. The data collected was summarized by; the use pie charts, graphs and frequency tables. Analysis was done using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). The study established that the FSE policy has contributed to availability of teaching and learning resources, that with the implementation of FSE policy most learning and teaching materials are adequate and used, most materials and resources were effectively used and the head teachers had put appropriate measures to ensure that the use of the resources are maximized. The study recommends that the Ministry of Education should consider increasing the funding immensely as it encourages other stakeholders to complement government efforts in resource mobilization.

The study investigated the academic success of secondary school students in Ondo State. The study employed the survey design technique. The population for the study consisted of secondary school students III in Ondo State. The sample of 500 students was selected using simple random sampling technique. Three Local Government Areas (LGAs) were selected from the three senatorial district in Ondo State using simple random sampling technique. Fifteen secondary schools were selected from the three LGAs using simple random sampling technique. Thereafter, 500 students were selected across the 15 schools using intact class of the senior secondary school students III. An adapted instrument titled “Personality Traits, Cognitive Styles and Academic Success Questionnaire” (PCAQ) containing four sections was used to collect data from the respondents. Data collected were analysed percentage, Pearson product correlation coefficient and multiple regressions. The results showed that 40.8% of the students possessed high level of academic success; 34.0% had moderate level while the remaining 25.2% of students demonstrated low level of academic success. The results showed that neuroticism with 45.4% was the prevalent trait among the students. Also, the results showed that 68.4% of the students employed field dependent cognitive style. Again, the results showed positive and significant relationship between openness (r = 0.991; p < 0.05); conscientiousness (r = 0.991; p < 0.05), extraversion (r = 0.989; p < 0.05), agreeableness (r = 0.984; p < 0.05) and neuroticism (r = 0.984; p < 0.05) and academic success of students. Further, it was showed that field dependent cognitive style had negative and significant relationship at (r = - 0.477; p < 0.05) while field independent cognitive style had positive and significant relationship (r = 0.989; p < 0.05). The results revealed that openness (t = 6.12; = 0.41); conscientiousness (t = -455; = -024), extraversion (t = 9.1; = 0.28); agreeableness (t = 1.66; = 0.047) and neuroticism (t = 1.92; = 0.055). Also, the results for cognitive styles showed that field dependent (t = - 11.03; = -.069) and field independent yielded (t = 7.12; = 0.00). While the results of openness, extraversion and neuroticism were significant at 0.05 level of confidence, values of agreeableness and conscientiousness were not significant. Also, both field dependent and field independent cognitive styles were significant at 0.05 level of confidence. It was concluded that more students demonstrated neurotic trait and few had high level of academic success.

Cultural artefacts refer to indigenous know-how, resources or potentials which are part of our cultural and artistic depositories used to satisfy our basic needs and wants. They protect cultural/artistic values and generate financial gains, which are all paramount for local development. Cultural artefacts therefore play an important role in local development. Nevertheless, the role, value and potentials of cultural artefacts in local development has yet been assessed, and is severely underrepresented in global development debates compared to, for instance, climate change or international terrorism. This study aims to critically assess the roles, values and potentials of cultural artefacts to local development in the city of Maroua, Far North Region of Cameroon and proposes recommendations towards achieving sustainable local development from indigenous know-how. Specifically, I conceive cultural artefacts as dual apparatus, on the one hand, positively contributing to local development, but on the other being adversely affected by a litany of problems in the very same process. To critically assess this process, data from case study, the published literature, field observations and interviews conducted among relevant actors (government ministries represented by regional delegations in the Far North Region, NGOs, CIGs, local council members, traditional authorities, quarter heads, and craftsmen and their intermediaries) as well as descriptive analyses of collected data were employed. The findings reveal that cultural artefacts in Maroua positively contribute to local development via providing a source of tourist attraction and ensuring cultural interchange between visitors and locals, employment creation and revenue generation, preservation and valorization of cultural diversity, creation of mediums of exchange/markets and emergence of cultural exhibition and animation centres. Conversely, they are being adversely affected in the very same process by the absence of handicraft school to train professional craftsmen, poor marketing/publicity system, ever increasing scarcity of raw materials, lack of access to credit facilities, absence of technical supervision and investment, problem of insecurity by Boko Haram terrorists, lack of basic facilities and amenities, and mistrust and misunderstanding amongst the craftsmen and their intermediaries. The aim of this study was to pave the way for novel approaches towards achieving sustainable local development from cultural artefacts in the current context of globalisation.

This research aims to determine the impact of visionary leadership, learning organization, and innovative behavior on the performance of Functional Officers of Customs and Excise Inspectors at Tanjung Priok Customs and Excise Main Service Office. The research was conducted at Tanjung Priok Customs and Excise Service Office using the number of samples of 78 Functional Officers of Customs and Excise Inspectors. The sample was selected using simple random sampling technique. Data collection was done by using questionnaire and data analysis using path analysis. The results showed that 1) visionary leadership, learning organization and innovative behavior have a direct and positive impact on performance, 2) visionary leadership, and learning organization have a direct and positive impact on innovative behavior and 3) visionary leadership have a direct and positive impact on learning organization. The conclusion of this research is to improve the performance of Functional Officer of Customs and Excise Inspectors at Tanjung Priok Customs and Excise Main Service Office, it is necessary to increase the aspect of visionary leadership from Head of Main Service Office, learning organization at Main Service Office and innovative behavior at Functional Officers of Customs and Excise Inspectors.

The purpose of this research is to examine wheras there is a relationship and influence of communications system, communications climate, and corporate culture towards employee performance through communications audit method. The samples of this research are 96 employees of Biro Sumber Daya Umum Koperasi Telekomunikasi Selular Head Office. Descriptive Analysis, Rank Spearman Correlational Analysis, and Multiple Regression Analysis were run with SPSS software version 21 for data analysis. The result of the analysis shows that the relationship between the three independent variables has no significant effect on the dependent variable individually. The relationship between the three independent variables has a significant effect on the dependent variable simultaneously. The empirical findings indicate that in order to improve employee performance, it is necessary to consider the communications system, communications climate, and corporate culture simultaneously.

The paper aims to study the sex ratio in districts of Bihar based on decennial census report and analyze the present trend of it. Sex-ratio is one of the most significant demographic and social parameter to show the status and condition of women in the society. According to Census 2011, the sex ratio of India was 943 while it was only 918 in Bihar, which was much less than the national average, as an outcome of patriarchal society, religious belief, traditions and customs aided with modern medical technology. Bihar along with Gujarat and Jammu and Kashmir experienced low sex ratio in 2011 in comparison to 2001 The sex ratio in Bihar has constantly been declining in spite of various social, educational, economic and political developments in the society from 1061 in 1901 to 918 in 2011, which is one of the grave concern and demographic threats for the state. The declining sex ratio is an indicator of low status of female and unequal roles assigned to males and females in Bihar.