This study aims to analyze the influence of corporate culture on corporate performance either directly or indirectly through work motivation. Quantitative research method, Unit of analysis of this research is 2,844 employees residing in 6 retail company spread all over Indonesia. This research uses path analysis technique (path analysis), SPSS 23.00 analysis tool. The results of this study indicate that corporate culture can directly affect the company's performance and can also affect indirectly from corporate culture advocate to work motivation (as intervening variable) and then to the company's performance. The stronger the existing culture in a company, it will be able to increase employee motivation and impact on company performance optimally.

Since the publication of Red Sorghum: A Novel of China translated by Howard Goldblatt, a great number of long and elaborate theses has sprung up. Theoretically, many theoretical viewpoints have been employed to analyze this novel, but in a cumbersome jumble. On the aspect of the selection of linguistic data, superficially distinctive linguistic units tend to be selected more frequently as the research subjects, while those representing the unique style of the original text are less likely to be comprehensively researched. Methodologically, subjective text analysis method takes the upper hand, while only a few scholars employ the objective and exhaustive methods.

The aim of this study is to reveal the relationship between sportspersonship orientations and positive thinking levels of the athletes in the team branch. In this study, Multidimensional Sportspersonship Orientation Scale and Positive Thinking Skills Scale were used as data collection tools. Portable IBM SPSS Statistics v20 software package was also used to analyze the data. For analyses of the data, descriptive statistics and Pearson correlation coefficient analysis were applied in the analysis of the data. As a result, it was determined that there is a positive relationship between athletes’ positive thinking scores and adherence to social norms, respect for rules and officials and respect for opponent.

This article relates precarious work, a symbol and axis of social relations in contemporary capitalism, to one of its most negative aspects relating to the generation of social barbarism that mainly affects working classes around the world.

The aim of this research is to assess the soils and water quality along Sokoto-Rima Floodplain; the correlation analysis was used to find out the degree of relationship between pollutants in soils and water. Seven sample points was selected systematically from the map at 6.13km interval, and in each sample point, three samples were taken each of soils and water from the river at hundred meters interval. A total of 21 samples of each soils and water were taken. The samples were taken to the laboratory for analysis. The results from the analysis show that: Positive correlations exist between soils and river in P and PO4, Mg, Ca, and Fe. R2 (coefficient of determination) values are .124, .013, .053, and .445 respectively. While, negative correlations exist between soils and river in pH, N and NO3, K, and OC and CO3. R2 values are .015, .224, .075, and .027 respectively. The correlation is statistically significant between N and NO3 at 0.05 and also, it is significant in Fe at 0.01 levels.

This research investigated the surface and ground water quality in the Sokoto-Rima floodplain and determined the human health implications of consuming it. Five sample points were selected systematically, and at each sample point, three samples were taken each from ground (tube well), and surface (river) water. The surface water was taken from the river Rima at hundred meters interval, and the sampling was repeated after 20days. Thus a total of 30 samples (1st batch-15 and 2nd batch-15) were collected. Data obtained from laboratory were tested for correlation (Pearson correlation) and the difference (paired t-test) between surface and ground water. Results showed that positive correlation exist in pH, Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), Total Dissolve Solid (TDS), Total Suspended Solid (TSS), Nitrate (NO3-), Sulphate (SO42-), while negative correlation in Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Chloride (Cl-), Phosphate (PO43-) and Potassium (K+). Result also showed that the mean difference of pH, BOD, PO43- and K+ are significant at p<0.01 (2-tailed) and Cl- is significant at p< 0.05 (2-tailed). TDS, Cl, PO4, NO3, SO4 and K are within the WHO and NESREA standards, while, DO, BOD and TSS (in NESREA) are above the standards. The Most Probable Number (MPN) method was used to find the number of coliforms, and Isolate method was used to identify the name of the coliforms found in each sample area. Result showed that in surface water Citrobacter freundii was found in all the study area except in Boye and Escherichia coli were only found in Boye. While, in groundwater Escherichia coli was found in two sample areas. The study therefore, concludes that the quality of the surface and ground water in the area is a determinant of the soil characteristics and has a positive relationship with the health characteristics of the surrounding communities. The research also concludes that surface and groundwater in the study area are not safe for human consumption unless proper water treatment and sanitation is done.

Metaphors are an ambiguous and complex genre in Kiswahili Literature which slips into the forms of other literary genres and figurative language. This is potrayed in their definitions and manner of classification. Although metaphors are classified as a genre of sayings in Kiswahili oral literature their use goes above and below the saying. Kyallo Waddi Wamitila is one of the scholars of literature who besides having classified metaphors has also written literary works including plays. In his plays, words have been used to convey information metaphorically in context. This article shows the application of the conceptual metaphor theory in the analysis of word metaphors in Wamitilas plays. Though there are also other types of metaphors based on genre and use of figurative language such as play metaphors, narrative metaphors, poetic metaphors, songs, conversational metaphors, proverbial metaphors, simile metaphors, metonymy and quibbles.

The study was conducted to evaluate loan recovery performance among group-based micro credit institutions in Delta State, Nigeria using a well-structured questionnaire and oral interview. Respondent groups were selected using stratified random sampling technique. Primary data collected were analyzed using descriptive statistics such as frequency distribution, table, percentage, mean and trend analysis using bar graph and histogram. Inferential statistics such as multiple regression analysis technique was also used. The result revealed that a total of 163,100 group members have been reached with total savings mobilized at N2,560,126,690 and total loan disbursed at N33,851,127,825. The mean loan repayment rate was 91.29%. The trend analysis indicated a steady rise in the amount of savings mobilized and credit extended to groups. The result of the regression analysis indicated that five of the estimated determinants fund size, membership size, duration of group existence, supervision and proportion of credit repaid were positive and statistically significant while interest charge was negative and significant. The major constraints in loan administration by financial institutions include government laws and regulations, lack of infrastructural facilities, diversion of loans, delay in loan repayment, and lack of funds among others. It is therefore recommended that group-based finance institutions should strategies on rural savings mobilization and utilization on the rural economy for sustainable financial inclusion.

This paper attempts to establish information seeking behaviour of the employees of the East African Integration. The Department of East African Community coordinates the activities of East African Community in Kenya. Wilson (1999) defines information seeking as, "those activities a person may engage in when identifying their own needs for information, searching for such information in any way, and using or transferring that information". This study was a qualitative research in nature. The participants were drawn from 200 employees of the State department of EAC integration. The researcher employed interview method for data collection. The researcher used purposive sampling and interview schedules were prepared to gather information from participants. Data was analysed thematically. The results were that employees of the State department of East Africa integration sought information to assist them carry out their mandate concerning integration matters and they sought information by accessing the internet among others. It was concluded that information sought by employees of State department of East African Integration was information related to EAC integration process since a small proportion mainly from administrative directorate indicated that they seek information to better them in other disciplines of interest. It was recommended that due to lack of enough literacy skills on the part of the staff, librarians at State department of East African Integration should mount an effective IL programme in order to enable employees to easily access information whenever they sought for it. It was also recommended that ICT officers, librarians and record officers should put in place effective information retrieval tools that could assist the employees as they sought for information that could enable them carry out their mandates.

The paper examines the use of social media among speakers of English in Morocco and the extent to which it has empowered users in various struggles against political and social injustices. More importantly, it explores whether these media have helped students and enhanced their capacity to challenge and speak out against human rights abuses. In so doing, the thesis addresses some key polemical issues and questions germane to the topic, mainly the dialectic between technological and social determinism, the role of social media, mainly Facebook, in shaping democratic change among students. The thesis uses a combination of methodological approaches to explore the structural, textual and contextual dimensions of social media’s implications and impact on the promotion and protection of students in Morocco. Through analysing students’ writings, the research draws on rich data derived from in-depth qualitative research design conducted with Moroccan students. It offers insights into the embeddedness of social media as a technological medium and also into the interplay between students’ perceptions, practices and their political participation. Moreover, the study examines the complex and multi-layered interconnections between Facebook in particular and the various social, political and cultural processes shaping its appropriation and its potential, and enhancing democracy. The study concludes that social media play a significant role in enhancing Moroccan social and collective action capabilities by favouring different forms of mobilization, and facilitating linkages between dispersed constituencies and national public spheres with a view to promoting human rights practices among students in Morocco. The paper argues, however, that the medium does not affect in any radical way the dominant political and social orders inasmuch as its implications and potential remain considerably limited by the various digital divides, and are mediated through the power relations characterizing society in terms of the degree of literacy and political involvement.

In Less Economically advanced nations, more than half of their populations live in rural areas and majority depend on agriculture for survival. Post- harvest food loss in Africa represents a multi-faceted challenge that reduces the income of approximately 470 million farmers. Agriculture plays a key role in the overall economic performance of Jakiri Sub Division, in terms of its contribution to food, source of livelihood and in providing employment. Using secondary and primary data, participatory approaches through field observation, questionnaires and interviews, this study investigates post-harvest options of farmers in Jakiri Sub-Division. Results revealed that agricultural production techniques have evolved and improved over the years, however very little has been done to improve post-harvest management. Findings equally showed that Postharvest options of farmers are inadequate due to a complexity of reasons such as the absence of sufficient technologies/infrastructures, inadequate capital and technical knowhow and above all refusal to adopt appropriate techniques. Consequently this results in large quantities of harvested food produce being lost thereby representing a waste of time, effort and resources. Overcoming these socioeconomic constraints through the development of infrastructures, increased training and sensitization of the local population is an important step in achieving food security and also it would go a long way to increase the efficiency of resources used in food production.

The object of this research at PT. Bank Mandiri (Persero) unit Jakarta Bintaro Jaya 1 is a branch under the coordination of Regional V Jakarta 3 area of beautiful cottage Jakarta, consisting of 12 units of micro office with Case Study on Micro Credit Loan. This bank has a commitment to provide ease of lending as an additional business capital for Micro Entrepreneur (UM) or UMKM. More than 80 percent of business units in Indonesia are UM / UMKM. During the period of 5 years (2010-2014) the provision of credit / UMKM decreased. In addition, the number of non-performing loans (NPLs) from the UM / UMKM sector has increased significantly. The relationship quality management (CRM) index has declined over the last five years, so there needs to be an effort to improve relationship quality (CRM) and service quality. This will be able to improve the image of banking. The purpose of this research is to develop brand image with CRM and service quality. Unit of analysis of micro business credit debtors, population 558 and samples of 100 customers with slovin techniques. Analysis method with quantitative analysis. Analysis technique with Path analysis, followed by determination analysis (RSquare), Testing of partial hypothesis (t test) and simultaneous (F test) with alpha 5 percent. Before the analysis with the first path analysis in the test questionnaire research with validity and reliability test as well as classical assumptions. SPSS version 22.0 analysis tool. The research result is that Customer Relationship Management and Service Quality have an effect on Brand Image either partially, simultaneously, directly and indirectly.

Within the last two decades, tuberculosis (TB) has shown an unprecedented and rather unexpected re-emergence despite achievements in immunization, provision of heath care facilities, discovery of drugs and better understanding of the disease. The Northwest Region of Nigeria is one of those corridors through which the transmission of the disease could be enhanced due to seasonal migration of pastoralists serving as carriers of the disease, going by their mobile lifestyle. This paper tried to examine the prevalence of the disease in this area, with the aim of identifying the environmental risk factors associated with it, among others. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire on 461 patients receiving treatment as sample across the DOTS centres along Fulani route of seasonal migration. Analyses were carried out using descriptive statistics and the logistic regression while significance test was done using ANOVA. Results indicated that ‘ever been diagnosed of lung and heart-related diseases’ had the highest contribution in the model (B=4.943), followed by ‘ever stayed with a TB patient’ (B=2.213) and then ‘family member ever been infected with TB’ (B=1.411). However, the ANOVA test on number of persons sleeping in a room indicated no statistically significant difference in the means of the groups, F (15, 89) = 1.117; p = 0.354. It was concluded that contact with the index and overcrowding play a role in the prevalence of TB in the study area and therefore recommend further studies on individual risk factors so as to guide disease surveillance and control.

It is commonly acknowledged that Government worldwide resettled people and communities (particularly those along river channels) from one geographical area to another on the basis of real, perceived and lingering threat, danger, catastrophe or epidemic. The contention of this paper is that despite the fact that most resettlement schemes are meant for the benefit of the community at large, the manner under which the resettlement scheme was conceived, planned and implemented failed to take into consideration the views/inputs of members of the community. The resultant effect leads to loss of livelihood, tension, violence and conflict in the affected communities and overall failure of the intended benefit of the scheme. This paper examines resettlement scheme at Gidan Salihu, Goronyo Local Government Area of Sokoto state focusing on the viability of the scheme and livelihood deprivation and challenges it places on the victims and the community. Data for this study was obtained via administration of questionnaire to those affected by the resettlement scheme selected via purposive and systematic sampling techniques as well as Focus Group Discussion with community leaders. Purposive sampling technique was adopted in the choice of the respondents and systematic sampling technique was used to select respondents to be administered with questionnaire at the interval of every 6th respondents. A total of 216 respondents were selected via systematic sampling technique. Key findings of the study reveals that majority of those affected by the resettlement scheme lost their farm lands, source of pasture and water for their livestock and compelling them to resides in an unfamiliar housing settings reflecting more of an urban setting than rural. Majority of the victims refused to relocate to the new environment stressing that it is better to continue to live under threat of hazard than to live in an area which will render them economically and socially vulnerable to poverty and hopelessness. The study concludes by recommending involvement of community members in decisions and policies affecting the livelihood of displaced communities.

This article explores the Tibetan Buddhist tradition of sacrifice and religious ritual using instrument made of animal and human body parts among the Memba tribe of Menchuka Valley. The Memba is a name given to a collection of group of Buddhist people who migrated from various parts of Bhutan, present Tawang district and Tibet (China) respectively and settled in Menchuka Circle of West Siang district of Arunachal Pradesh, India during the early 17th Century A.D. The paper tries to present the ritual tradition of Memba tribe of Menchuka who follow Tibetan form of Buddhism and belong to Nying-ma-pa sect. It is interesting to know that Memba are still following and preserving most of the age-old ritualistic tradition of their ancestor. They followed extensive tantric ritual and comes under third vessel Vajrayana form of Buddhism introduced by Guru Padmasambhava in Eight century A.D. in Tibet. The article tries to provide brief information regarding the types of sacrificial ritual and use of animal and human body parts that are still prevalent among the Memba tribe. The paper also traces the belief and myth associate with it. In order to do so, varieties of sources in the form of secondary, primary, field study and folk narration are briefly examined to provide glimpse of their ritualistic practice.

Over the years, Poverty alleviation programs and policies have evolved, including a succession of policies and plans by Government, Non-Governmental Organizations and International Donor Agencies. The Nigerian Government at different times introduced policies and plans with a view to addressing the problem of poverty but the problem still persists. In spite of these various efforts as intensified by both internal and external systems, of poverty has become not only more complicated but almost impossible due largely to a number of challenges notable among which are both individual and institutional. This amplifies that the efforts have proven too inadequate to reduce poverty, hence persistence of the scourge in the country. Using poverty indicators such as literacy level, access to safe water, nutrition, infant and maternal mortality, and the number of people living on less than $1 a day, Nigeria is found to rank among the 25 poorest nations in the world below Kenya, Ghana and Zambia. It is obvious that from 1960 till date, all Nigerian governments, be it military or civilian, have come up with one form of poverty reduction or alleviation programme or another, meant to reduce the level of poverty, give hope and succor to the poor and, or move towards some sort of wealth creation. Strategies, policies and plans have been formulated and executed over these years. These programmes have been judged by scholars not to be satisfactory. Inspite of all such previous government efforts at alleviating poverty in Nigeria, the incidence and severity of poverty has continued to pose formidable threats to the welfare of Nigerians and sustainable development of the country. To this end, a myriad of problems have been identified as constraints on poverty alleviation programmes in Nigeria. Despite the relevance of religion in solving developmental problems of Nigeria little is done to explore in the development literature Islamic strategies of alleviating poverty. Against this backdrop, the paper seeks to explore the Islamic strategies of alleviating poverty.

The purpose of this study was to develop a Pastoral approach for the Synoptic Problem, a simplified approach of studying the Synoptic Gospels with Church members. This study was done in Musoma town Tanzania to help Seventhday Adventist (SDA) members harmonize between their belief on trustworthiness of the word of God and the differences and similarities which emerge in the story of Gadarene demoniac in the Synoptic Gospel. The research design employed qualitative approach. The researcher used contextual Bible Study theory to re-read the Gadarene demoniac story whereby interviews and focus group discussions followed thereafter. 368 church members were divided to 46 Focus Groups Discussions with 8 members per each group, four Pastors were put in one session of Focus Group Discussion and four church leaders were interviewed separately in their offices. The researcher did a Biblical exegesis for the linkage of SDA church belief and Biblical context. Research finding revealed that, SDA church in Musoma believes that writers who had different education, background and personality were inspired with thoughts were led to compose their canonical gospels focusing on the need of their audiences. The writing process made them focus on specific issues which in turn affected their style, form, rhythm, occurrences, inclusion and vocabulary of each presenter and finally differences and similarities came upon their canonical gospels. Further study of the pastoral approach for the Synoptic Problem in the scope of other denominations and relationship between inspiration and the free use of intellectual knowledge of Biblical authors are recommended.

Since independence in 1960 from British colonial rule, the various leadership of Nigeria have adopted various developmental strategies with view to reduce or to some extent do away with poverty but it could not, due to the complex nature of the country‟s poverty which can be termed as chronic. This is because poverty in Nigeria is persistent. It is estimated that up to 70% of Nigerians are living below poverty line. Nigeria has been branded by the international community as the second most corrupt nation in the World. For three consecutive years, 2000, 2001 and 2002, it has maintained that unenviable position. The rating came up as a consequence of several failed attempts by the administration to wipe out corruption and poverty or reduce them to a tolerable level in the polity. It is absolutely frustrating when one realizes the immense potentials in Nigeria. Sixteen years is enough time for any administration to sort out the fundamental problem of the country (poverty). All the recent poverty alleviation and development programs and initiatives are geared toward realizing the number one (1) Millennium Development Goal (MDGs), which is to eradicate extreme poverty and hunger by the year 2015. We have passed the deadline to the target of MDGs, these policies and programs are judged to be unsatisfactory and inadequate in meeting the MDGs. This therefore, necessitates the need for an elaborate study to critically assess the interplay between corruption, development and chronic poverty in Nigeria. The question to be asked is what are the problems of Nigeria‟s poverty reduction policies and development plans? To answer this fundamental question the paper clearly argued that Nigeria does not need any new policy on development and chronic poverty. All it needs is seriousness in terms of the implementation of existing policies to address the chronic nature of the Nigerian poverty. Nigerians need to sit up with a view to addressing corruption in all its ramifications. This is the only way Nigeria would get out of the shackle of chronic poverty and by extension development in general.

This paper seeks the complex issues between the oral/ethnographic narration and historical narration of the past. The oral history often collected by ethnographers directly from the people may have huge differences with the supposed authentic written account of history. For instance, the people in Tibet still believe, and they have tales and songs which say that Mao Zedong came to Tibet for the Communist Long March through China in the 1930s but the written records of the long march and Zedong‟s personal history reject this claim. However, the written history can‟t reject the paradoxical existence of oral tradition and vice versa. Both oral and written history has cultural significance and hence exists beyond the truth. In this context, it is difficult to pass judgment whether ethnography or history is the truth; rather it demands anthropological concerns to understand the reason behind the disjuncture. The social and cultural feature which creates disjuncture or paradox between the oral and written forms of historic accounts is more important to understand the truth. Anthropologist Carole Mcgranahan argued, “This situation demands to consider the social truth, cultural logic and political claim embedded in history as examples of the productive excesses inherent in and generated by this conceptual disjuncture.” This paper also emphasizes the concepts like social truth, cultural logic, and political claims to solve the complex issues between the ethnography and written history.