This study examines the socio-ecological conflicts and usage dynamics between shellfish farmers and small-scale artisanal fishermen in the Bizerte Lagoon, Tunisia. Using a qualitative approach based on ten semi-structured interviews conducted in 2026, alongside direct field observations and institutional analysis, we investigate the root causes of the structural tensions that culminated in a severe episode of vandalism in November 2019, where mussel-farming installations in Menzel Abderrahmane were systematically destroyed. Our findings reveal three primary dimensions of conflict: (1) a causal dispute regarding the origins of lagoon pollution, where fishermen blame shellfish farming for ecological degradation while farmers point to external industrial and domestic waste; (2) unequal institutional recognition, with both groups feeling abandoned by state authorities; and (3) a clash of incompatible temporalities between historical, traditional fishing rights and modern, long-term aquaculture investments. Rather than a mere material resource competition, this situation represents a profound conflict of recognition. We propose a shared governance framework based on marine spatial planning, collaborative environmental co-diagnosis, and the establishment of permanent multi-stakeholder mediation platforms to transition from destructive conflict toward sustainable, integrated coastal zone management.

This study, students’ perceptions of the image of a scientist in enhancement of learning attitude in Biology, employed survey research design. Four research questions and three null hypotheses guided the study. The population of the study was 12,315 Senior School 3 Biology students. A purposive sampling technique was used to select a sample size of 2,400 for the study. Two validated and reliable instruments, Perception of the Image of a Scientist Task, and Students' School Promotion Examination Results Sheet, were used to collect data for this study. Mean, standard deviation, frequency and z-test were used for data analysis. Findings revealed that academic achievement of the Senior School Biology Students whose perception is that a scientist is a white skin coloured is higher than the mean academic achievement of the Senior School Biology Students who perceived that a scientist is dark skin coloured. The researchers recommended, among others, that more female scientists should be referenced in the science textbooks in order to bridge the dichtonomy that has been created over the years. Students should be exposed to the historical concept of science and the brain behind it so as to understand the nature of science and enhance academic achievement.

Anthropometric indices are very simple ratios based on linear measurements of the head and face and for more than a century have influenced the description of variation in head and facial form by anatomists, physical anthropologists and clinicians. This review attempts to trace the history of three commonly used indices: the cephalic (cranial) index, the facial index and the nasal index, from their beginnings in the nineteenth century in the field of craniometry to their current use in forensic applications, surgical procedures and paediatric assessment. The paper examines the evolution of measurement technique, from callipers, fixed anatomical landmarks to a more recent three-dimensional scanning and geometric morphometrics. The formula, population variation and classification categories for each index are discussed and the clinical or forensic importance of the index is discussed. The review also addresses the difficult history of these measurements, especially the use of these measures for classification of race in the nineteenth century, and how the discipline has shifted to more cautious, population-specific, and statistically-based interpretations. It finds that although traditional indices still serve as a rapid, inexpensive and convenient screening tool, the value of these indices is limited unless they are used in conjunction with three dimensional and statistical shape analysis methods.

This study examines the influence of social media on contemporary African playwriting, focusing on character development, dramatic dialogue and narrative structure. It responds to the limited scholarly attention given to the dramaturgical implications of social media, as existing studies have largely emphasised its roles in theatre promotion, performance dissemination and audience engagement. The study adopts a qualitative textual-analysis approach, using selected contemporary African dramatic texts as primary materials and relevant scholarly publications as secondary sources. Through close textual analysis, the study investigates how digital communication The study closely analyses how digital communication integrates into characterisation, dialogue, and narrative organisation into characterisation, dialogue and narrative organisation. The findings reveal that social media has become an emerging dramaturgical resource in contemporary African theatre. It enables characters to construct multiple identities across physical and virtual spaces, intensifies interpersonal relationships and generates new forms of conflict through digital interactions, public exposure and archived communication. The research further demonstrates that social media enhances dramatic dialogue via text messages, posts, comments, emojis, hashtags, abbreviations, slang, and code-switching, while promoting fragmented, diverse, and multimodal communication forms. In addition, the networked and discontinuous nature of digital communication promotes nonlinear narrative structures, multiple perspectives, digital interruptions and movement between physical and virtual spaces. The study concludes that social media does not replace traditional African theatrical forms but extends and transforms their dramaturgical possibilities. It recommends greater attention to digital dramaturgy in African theatre scholarship, playwriting practice and theatre training.

The study investigated the Influence of Youth Restiveness on Students’ Academic Performance in Economics in Public Senior Secondary School in North East, Nigeria. The study was guided by two research questions and two null hypotheses. A descriptive survey research design was adopted for the study. The population comprised 6,398 teachers and 275,897 students in public senior secondary schools across four states in North East Nigeria (Adamawa, Borno, Gombe and Yobe). A sample size of 1,697 was selected from the population using Krejcie and Morgan’s formula. Proportionate sampling technique was used to select 317 teachers ana 1,380 students from four states in the North East, Nigeria. Three research instruments were used to collect data. Namely: Youth Restiveness Questionnaire for Teachers, Youth Restiveness Questionnaire for Students and a Cumulative WAEC Results in Economics from 2021 – 2025. The Instruments were validated by three experts. The instruments were also trial tested on some sample of teachers and students using test-retest reliability; and the reliability coefficient of 0.87 and 0.84 were obtained. The data collected were analyzed using mean, standard deviation, t-test and ANOVA all test at 0.05 level of significance. The results from the study indicates a high level of agreement among teachers and students on all dimensions of youth restiveness. Antecedents, forms, causes, effects, and counselling strategies, parent socio-status, and peer influence. The study concluded that youth restiveness is a common and multi-dimensional problem among public senior secondary school students in North East, Nigeria.

This study investigated the impact of teaching practice on teachers in training’ in tertiary institutions in Adamawa State, Nigeria. The study was guided by five research questions and two research hypotheses. The study adopted a descriptive research design. The population of the study consisted of 5,193 teachers in training in tertiary institutions in Adamawa State; while the sample size was 400 using stratified sampling technique. A structured questionnaire titled “Impact of Teaching Practice on Teachers in Training Tertiary Institutions (ITPTTTI)” was used for data collection. Two experts from the Department of Educational Foundations, Faculty of Education, Adamawa State University, Mubi validated the instrument, while a test-retest reliability conducted revealed a co-efficient of 0.81. The data gathered were analyzed using mean, standard deviation, and t-test analysis. The study revealed that: the level of adequacy teachers in training before teaching practice was good; faculty supervision of teaching practice in tertiary institutions in Adamawa State was low compared to expectation; teachers in training experience during teaching practice was found to be influential in shaping student teachers’ attitude towards the profession; teachers in training’ experienced a lot of challenges during teaching practice exercise which hindered successful realization and achievement of teaching practice aims and objectives; Thus, the study concluded that teaching practice had a positive impact on teachers. In training. The study recommended that universities and colleges of education should organize seminars, micro-teaching, workshops, conferences and discussion before teachers in training’ are sent for teaching practice. Furthermore, finance should be provided for teachers in training’ so as to boost their upkeep and their attitudes towards

College English, as a compulsory course with both instrumental and humanistic attributes, bears a unique mission of integrating language training with value guidance. Curriculum ideological and political education plays an indispensable role in accomplishing the significant mission. This paper attempts to analyze the feasibility and necessity of innovating ideological and political teaching approaches and proposes multi-dimensional innovative teaching approaches, aiming to construct an integrated and blended teaching mode. These proposed innovative approaches can effectively achieve the full infiltration of moral education into all aspects of language teaching, realize the organic integration of language knowledge transmission, ability development, value shaping and guidance, and provide operable reform references for College English curriculum ideological and political construction in the new era.

Traditional Institutions (TIs) in Kamporijo Circle of Kamle District, Arunachal Pradesh are fundamental to the governance, culture and livelihood of indigenous communities, especially the Nyishi people. In terms of economy, Traditional Institutions play an important role in facilitating dispute resolutions, resource management and the sustenance of livelihoods. Traditional Institutions promote traditional land-use systems including jhum cultivation and the simultaneous use of community forests according to principles of reciprocity and balance in nature. Objective: The study aims to examine the role and functions of Traditional Institutions (TIs) in Kamporijo Circle of Kamle District of Arunachal Pradesh. Research Methodology: The study utilises a qualitative analytical research design to characterize the role and functions of Traditional Institutions (TIs) in Kamle district of Arunachal Pradesh. Adopting qualitative protocol allows for a more comprehensive and situated understanding of TIs within local cultural implications. Results and Discussions: The conceptual framework provides insight into how traditional institutions operate within the context of Nyishi tribal society in Kamporijo and explains the role of these institutions within the framework of greater socio-cultural issues, rather than viewing them in isolation. It bridges between indigenous knowledge systems and modern institutional frameworks, thus providing a culturally grounded approach to studying development, governance, and social transformation in tribal areas of Arunachal Pradesh. Conclusion: Their main functions as dispute resolution, the gatekeeper of customary land rights, and moral arbiter are legitimised by social consent and the familiarity of the villagers. TIs operate as harmonising conflict resolution mechanisms, emphasising reconciliation, restorative justice, conventional significance and a legitimate basis to redress grievances that preserve community harmony.

Background. Kho-Kho is a high intensity, intermittent pursuit sport in which explosive acceleration, rapid change of direction, and lower limb power are widely assumed to underpin competitive success. Whether these generic attributes actually discriminate between ability strata within an already selected squad remains empirically unresolved, and female players at the state tier are largely absent from the peer reviewed record. Purpose. To compare speed, agility, and leg explosive strength among high, medium, and low ability state level female Kho-Kho players. Methods. Sixty-seven female state level players (18–23 years) were purposively sampled from Purba Medinipur, North 24 Parganas, South Kolkata, and Hooghly districts, West Bengal, and classified into three ability groups. Speed was assessed by the 50-yard dash, agility by the 4 × 10 yard shuttle run, and leg explosive strength by the standing broad jump. Data were analysed by descriptive statistics and one way ANOVA (α = 0.05) using IBM SPSS Statistics 26. Results. No significant differences emerged for speed, F(2, 64) = 1.06, p = 0.352, η² = 0.03; agility, F(2, 64) = 0.197, p = 0.822; or leg explosive strength, F(2, 64) = 0.744, p = 0.479. Descriptively the high ability group was fastest (8.01 ± 0.552 s), jumped furthest (1.84 ± 0.165 m), and showed markedly lower variability. Conclusion. These components function as a performance threshold rather than a discriminator at state level; selection should additionally assess reactive agility, technical skill, and tactical decision making.

The purpose of this study was to examine methods used to document and protect indigenous health knowledge among traditional medical health practitioners (TMHPs) in Kenya and to strengthen its sustainable management. The objectives were to: determine methods used by TMHPs to protect and document traditional indigenous health knowledge; assess the effectiveness of existing protocols in protecting and documenting traditional health knowledge; examine challenges faced by TMHPs in protecting and documenting traditional health knowledge and suggest effective strategies for protecting and documenting traditional health knowledge. Guided by the SECI model and Social Exchange Theory, this qualitative case study involved 30 traditional medical registered practitioners and 7 key informants. Data was collected through interviews and observations and analyzed thematically. The findings reveal that documentation is largely informal, oral and practitioner-controlled, while protection relies on secrecy and restricted sharing within trusted networks due to fears of exploitation and loss of ownership. Documentation remained largely informal, oral, and practitioner-controlled, while protection relied on secrecy, custodianship, and restricted sharing owing to concerns about misuse, loss of ownership and livelihood security. Existing documentation and protection mechanisms were perceived as ineffective because formal documentation and protection systems remained poorly aligned with indigenous practices and were weakly implemented. The study concludes that the protection of indigenous health knowledge is severely hindered by this systemic misalignment between formal frameworks and traditional practices. To address these gaps, the study recommends developing hybrid documentation systems that integrate formal protection mechanisms with indigenous knowledge structures to ensure both preservation and livelihood security.

The effective management of trans-frontier movements depends largely on the implementation of border management policies, bilateral agreements, immigration regulations, customs procedures, and security cooperation between neighbouring states. This study seeks evaluate the implication of border management policies along the Cameroon-Nigeria border in Donga-Mantung Division. It assesses the level of awareness and effectiveness of existing border management policies, and implications of policy implementation gaps. Questionnaires was the key instrument of data collection. The study used data on primary and secondary data sources with descriptive and analytical models. The purposive sampling technique was used in selecting the border settlements and with 520 participants. These stakeholders were the different categories of migrants and border officials from the different border agencies. The study was lensed through “the bottom-top and top-bottom theory”. In summarizing the data into frequencies and percentages, Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS version 21) was also used. Tables, figures were used in presenting the data. The paper found that (39.4%) of migration stakeholders have low level of awareness of border management policies and 58.6% of respondents opined low level of implementation of existing along the Cameroon-Nigeria border in DMD. The findings indicate that irregular/unauthorized border crossing is the most prominent implication of low level of border management policies awareness and implementation, reported by 259 respondents (49.8%). This is followed by smuggling and illicit cross-border trade, with 121 respondents (23.3%), and cross-border insecurity/crime, reported by 92 respondents (17.7%). Only 47 respondents (9.2%) identified loss of government revenue and constraints on local development. The paper recommended among others improving institutional coordination, enhancing public awareness of border regulations, modernizing customs and immigration procedures, deploy more border officials, improve on border infrastructures, and promoting secure and orderly cross-border mobility.

Land use dynamics are increasingly transforming rural landscapes and influencing socio-economic development in many parts of sub-Saharan Africa. Bui Division in the North West Region of Cameroon has experienced substantial land use changes over the last four decades due to population growth, agricultural expansion, urbanization, infrastructural development, and the prolonged socio-political crisis. This study examined land use dynamics and their implications for socio-economic development in Bui Division between 1985 and 2025. A mixed-methods research approach was adopted. Primary data were collected from 540 households through questionnaires, field observations, focus group discussions, and key informant interviews. Secondary data comprised Landsat satellite imagery (1985, 2000, 2015, and 2025), government reports, and published and unpublished sources. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and remote sensing techniques were employed to classify land use and land cover changes. The findings revealed significant changes in land use patterns over the study period. Forest cover increased from 214.67 km² in 1985 to 255.28 km² in 2025, while settlement area expanded from 328.30 km² to 565.98 km² in 2015, then slight drop 447.66km² in 2015. Agricultural land fluctuated between 1,305.90 km² in 1985, 1226.90 in 2000, 1324.6km² in 2015 and 1,243.60 km² in 2025, reflecting changes in farming practices and land availability. Water bodies declined from 6.27 km² in 1985 to 3.62 km² in 2015, suggesting increasing pressure on water resources. These changes contributed to improved agricultural production, employment opportunities, market expansion, and infrastructure development. However, they also accelerated land fragmentation, soil degradation, declining water availability, conflicts over land resources, and increasing livelihood vulnerability. Population growth and changing economic activities remained the principal drivers of these transformations. Land use dynamics have therefore generated both positive and negative socio-economic outcomes in Bui Division. Promote sustainable land use planning, strengthen land governance, and support environmental conservation to ensure balanced socio-economic development and the sustainable use of natural resources.