Agarwood (Aquilaria malaccensis) is a plant species native to Southeast Asia that is best known for its oil essence. In this chapter, we'll look at using its oil to make biodiesel. To further clarify the picture, a number of steps would be carried out, beginning with the extraction of the oil and ending with its categorization. The “supercritical fluid extraction” approach is used in the extraction process. Later in this process the oil would be used as a source for extraction of Fatty Acid Methyl Ester. The characterization of the methyl ester would be specifically based on density, specific gravity, Flash point, carbon residue.

Global Petroleum reserves are currently getting depleted. Most of the newly discovered oil and gas fields are found in unconventional reserves. Hence there has arisen a need to drill deeper wells in offshore locations and in unconventional reservoirs. The depth and difficulty of drilling terrains has led to drilling operations incurring higher cost due to drilling time. Rate of Penetration is dependent on the several parameters such as: rotary speed(N), Weight-On-Bit, bit state, formation strength, formation abrasiveness, bit diameter, mud flowrate, bit tooth wear, bit hydraulics e.t.c. Given this complex non-linear relationship between Rate of Penetration and these variables, it is extremely difficult to develop a complete mathematical model to accurately predict ROP from these parameters. In this study, two types of models were developed; a predictive model built with artificial neural networks for determining the rate of penetration from various drilling parameters and an optimization model based on normalized rate of penetration to provide optimized rate of penetration values. The Normalized Rate of Penetration (NROP) more accurately identifies the formation characteristics by showing what the rate should be if the parameters are held constant. Lithology changes and pressure transition zones are more easily identified using NROP. Efficient use of Normalized Penetration Rate (NROP) reduces drilling expenses by: Reducing the number of logging trips, minimizing trouble time through detection of pressure transition zones, encouraging near balanced drilling to achieve faster penetration rate.

For killing viruses such as coronaviruses (CoVs), researchers suggested disinfection chains of ultraviolet (UV)-C lamps supported by holding stands. Such chains can be folded easily for carrying purpose, and the length of the system could be changed following the need. Such uncomplicated device could be utilized for cheap, reusable and chemical free disinfection of public places; such setup is as well appropriate to neutralize the airborne viruses, even if the application of disinfection should be realized in absence of humans to avert the hazardous influence of UV rays on skin. On the other hand, chemical disinfectants are largely utilized on common touch surfaces in public settings, as a means of controlling the Cov propagation. Nonetheless, the continuous introduction of such dangerous chemicals can exacerbate the growth of biocide-tolerant and antibiotic-resistant bacteria on those surfaces and allow their direct transfers to humans. For these reasons, UV disinfection technology may be promising for dealing with such CoVs.

This paper studies the direct relationship among temperature, dye fixation, fastness properties and breaking strength of cured dyed jute fabric. Jute and jute-cotton union fabric was dyed with direct dyes by the continuous method with very good fastness properties and dye fixation. By curing the dyed sample fabrics at 1500C for 1 minute, maximum dye fixation of 89% was achieved. The corresponding fastness properties of the dyed fabric such as washing, rubbing and light fastness were found to be 5, 5 and 7 respectively. The findings of the study indicate that jute and jute-cotton union fabrics can be successfully dyed in a continuous dye process with direct dyes.

The idea of nanotechnology was first introduced in the 1959 by Richard Feynman in his lecture entitled “There’s Plenty of Room at the Bottom” (R. Feynman, 1960). At the time, the term “nanotechnology” had not yet been coined. This technology made a significant and rapid progress years later. Nano technological achievements provided a modern approach in geotechnics. Each field of science had a specific definition for nanotechnology, and the National Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI) provided a comprehensive definition of nanotechnology (NSTC, 2007). According to NNI, “nanotechnology” is the control, comprehension, and reformation of material based on the hierarchy of nanometers to develop matter with essentially new uses and a new constitution.