Wood has been the most essential components of engineering materials in the building and construction sector. Except for industrial roofing, virtually all roofing in building is done with wood. The flakes or chips generated from resizing of wood logs results in waste known as sawdust waste. The generated sawdust is not used for any economic value; thus, the dumps are either burnt or decomposed in the surrounding and flakes generated from wood plaining are used as adsorbent in poultry house. Nevertheless, bulk of it end up as waste littered on the environment being a menace to the ecosystem. In this work, sawdust from softwood, hardwood and rice husk were processed and characterized to study their functional groups and fingerprints using Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, with the aim of identifying its compatibility for use in composite material production with an appropriate binder for comfort of occupants in indoor build environment. The instrument operates on wide range of wave numbers which identify the existing functional group (4000 cm-1 - 1500 cm-1) and fingerprint (1500 cm-1 – 400 cm-1) in the assign band at a particular intensity within the wavenumber radiation frequency. The results from this study revealed that, softwood sawdust showed 11 peaks containing mainly aromatic compound dominated by alcohols and phenols, hardwood sawdust showed 21 peaks containing carboxylic acids, aldehydes, alkanes, alkenes and nitrile in addition to the alcohols and phenols in softwood sawdust and rice husks showed 23 peaks in the spectra in addition to the aromatic compounds it contain glutamines, nitriles and carboxylic compounds found in starch and pharmaceutical use. Both materials have the industrial potentials in particleboard production and can provide friendly indoor quality in building environment.

Soil moisture monitoring system is the combination of devices that can sense soil moisture, read or store data, and transmit data to a computer, which helps organize, visualize and interpret the soil moisture data. The optimum plant growth is basically dependent on the appropriate water level in the soil. In order to maximize the quality of crops and conserve water resources during irrigation, the soil moisture monitoring device is developed to evaluate and control the amount of water required. In this current project, an op-amp based comparator circuit was used coupled with relay units which controlled the water pumps. Results obtained from the measurement have shown that the system performance is quite reliable and accurate. Field experience has also shown that soil moisture sensors are very useful in diagnosing the changes needed and to fine-tune irrigation practices. The use of these easily available components reduces the manufacturing and maintenance costs. This therefore, makes the proposed system to be an economical, appropriate and a low maintenance solution for applications, especially in rural areas and for small scale agriculturist.

The article presents research materials to ensure an increase in the intensity of purification of raw cotton from fine litter in a ginnery. It is indicated that in existing cleaners of raw cotton from impurities, the process is mainly carried out due to the shock-disintegrating effect of the working bodies of the machine on the processed material. To improve the efficiency of cleaning raw cotton from fine litter, it is proposed to use a cleaner with different types of working bodies, and such a combined fine litter cleaner consisting of a ring and screw working body has been developed. Experimental studies have found that with the use of such a cleaner there is an increase in the cleaning effect by 5% (abs.). The theory of the movement of an isolated material point (leafjets of raw cotton) in a screw working body is considered. It has been determined that at an optimum angle of elevation of the helix, the maximum axial speed and productivity of the screw working body of the cleaner are ensured. It is indicated that the critical radii establish the boundaries of the regions where the material particles acquire the screw angular velocity ω_0 and their axial displacement ceases.

Most cities under traditional operation mode, which does not use modern communication technologies, are facing urban issues such as energy crisis. To ensure the quality of living in cities, many governments and organizations are coming with different innovative ideas. Recently, the concept of a sustainable smart city has been introduced. Studies have indicated that facility management is the key to achieving sustainability; however, it is challenging to integrate heterogeneous data. The traditional computing tools are inefficient to process big data, and the operating platform for facility management is mostly two dimensional. This research introduces the framework based on GIS-BIM-AI to solve those problems. The framework is applied to energy demand management in the small part of the real city, its prototype is developed, and performance is evaluated where the most important achievement is the development of a smart city operating platform that has single 3D data repository, efficient AI-based urban analytics tools, and powerful 3D visualization with a control centre to visualize, operate and manage facilities. All these features improve the quality of services and citizen’s satisfaction, saves resources, time and cost, enhances transparency,and promote public participation in decision making, which are the core principles for sustainability.

Buildings are the largest consumer of energy and a major source of greenhouse gas (GHG) emission. This incurs a large sum of money to society. It is evident that incorporating green features in buildings can substantially save energy and water consumption, and reduces GHG emissions; however, it is perceived to be costly both by public and private sectors. Often, the investment decisions are made considering the initial cost of the project. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to identify the costs and potential benefits of green buildings over the life cycle of the project using Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA), which performs an economic assessment in project appraisal that helps investors and policymakers in better decision making. The study involves a case study of a public office building from Nepal, which is located at Dumre- Bhansar New Town. The existing building is retrofitted with green components such as solar panels and rainwater harvesting for energy efficiency and water efficiency. The results show that investing in green buildings reduce the life cycle cost of the project, and therefore generates value for money in public investment in the long run. A policy recommendation on subsidy helps in scaling the project to private sectors especially residential buildings. The most important contribution of this study lies in identifying the costs and benefits of green building and introducing the concept of life cycle cost using CBA, which increases awareness and removes barriers in implementing green technologies. This paper also acts as an introductory guideline for project appraisal and formulating policies for the Government of Nepal.

Jute is the golden fibre of Bangladesh, we hold a large share in the international jute market. Traditionally jute fiber is used to produce yarn and woven fabric. The properties of jute fiber indicates that it can be successfully used to produce knitted fabrics. We can use jute instead of synthetic fibre.This work compares the major quality parameters of knit fabric – weight, fabric density, dimensional stability, spirality, bursting strength, abrasion resistance and pilling, thermal conductivity and wash fastness are tested and assessed the performance of jute in replace of synthetic or cotton for apparel concern. All results are better and acceptable as compare to ISO norms.

Rapid urbanization demands the expansion of infrastructures. The land is a prerequisite to expand those facilities and services; however, urban lands are underutilized, fragmented into smaller pieces, and higher in price. This makes land acquisition lengthy, costly, and ignites social and political issues. Since land acquisition for infra projects demand higher upfront project cost that increases project cost, so this research examines the effectiveness of the innovative method to supply urban land for housing and other infrastructure without land acquisition. This study illustrates the concept of land readjustment with the case study from Nepal, which is implemented in partnership with a private partner (landowners). The study also examines some challenges in project implementation and provides a recommendation for speedy implementation. The result shows that major beneficiaries are both landowners and the government. The value of land increases for landowners, and the government can value capture since the public goods such as roads, drainage, water supply, parks, and other facilities are provided through landowner’s contribution. The self-financing, innovation and cost-recovery characteristics of land readjustment make it an excellent example of public private partnership (PPP) at a smaller scale for sustainable urban development. The findings from this study are important for experiences sharing in the regional context, and the issues identified draws the attention of further researchers and policymakers.

The toxic fuel is harmful to human health and environment in earth, so that simulation is studied to find the relation of inflamer and time and temperature in Engine is important now. CO and NO is searched with the mass ratio and find the NO is bigger than CO under certain time. Meantime the more value of them contains the more emitted gas will be with the consuming of 7.6lit/h. The CO and NO will incline when their concentration incline from 0.2% to 4%. CO with the engine internal diameter being 87mm is higher than its 75mm. The big one has higher value than the small one. With the increasing temperature the inflamer is high, the temperature is big since the power is big too. It is found that x which is times of RT (room temperature) pressure increases when the temperature increases. Meantime it increases when cylinder length decreases.