Transmission lines are equally as important as power generation plants for developing the energy sector of any country. In the case of electricity transmission system, economic efficiency implies promoting an optimal utilization of existing network, placing of new generations and promoting addition of loads where the maximum efficiency is envisaged and promoting transmission investments. These characteristics require that the transmission networks that pertain to each transaction must be identified and their costs properly allocated among users based on ARR (Annual Revenue Requirement). In case of developing countries like Nepal where the energy resources are yet to be utilized and huge investments are attracted to build the infrastructures for energy sectors, inviting ample investments and the cost recovery of transmission line becomes challenging. In order to evaluate the wheeling charge of the transmission line, various methodologies have been adapted in different countries. In this view tracing the flow of electricity has gain significance as its solution helps in evaluating fair and transparent tariff. Electricity tracing methods would make it possible to charge the consumers and/or generators on the base of actual transmission capacity used. This paper focuses on electricity tracing using Bialek‟s tracing algorithm. Case study carried out using an IEEE 14-bus with additional two bus to replicate the radial network of a transmission system.

In the present study, 3-dimensional model of natural circulation loop (NCL) have been developed in design software Proe 4.0. The steady flow simulation of single phase CO2, for natural circulation loop (NCL) with end heat exchangers are analyzed in Fluid Flow (Fluent), a module in Ansys-Workbench 14.0. Results are obtained for various mass flow rates/velocities of air in control volume of cold heat exchanger, for a fixed heat flux from air in the hot heat exchanger. Results show that due to the presence of bends and strong buoyancy effects, local velocity and temperature vary in all three dimensions.

This paper presents a brief work about numerical method to solve ODE with IVP. In this paper firstly derived the first and second order R-K method, than a comparative study will be done use the MATLAB program by taking an example, also in this paper we will show that the second order R-K method is more accurate than first order. Also in this paper present that the accuracy of the methods depend to step size, if the step size taken small then all the numerical methods will be convergence.

With the fast depleting conventional energy reserves, the thrust for developing newer and alternative energy sources is the key research area worldwide. With the increase in the pollution level there is a need for searching a sustainably developed and environmental friendly energy source. The municipal solid waste has become one of the major pollutants worldwide. About twenty percent of the municipal waste comprises of the different types of polyethylene waste. The process of conversion of the polyethylene waste into useful fuel has become one of the emerging fields, countries are working worldwide. The development of gaseous and liquid hydrocarbons from polyethylene mix via hydropyropysis process is being studied. The hydropyrolytic process of converting LDPE, LLDPE, MDPE and HDPE type of polyethylene into useful gaseous and liquid hydrocarbon fuel provides a path to degrade waste polyethylene into small and very small chain products. The different fractionation of the extract obtained from the mother liquid was studied. The fraction ranging from temperature 150 0C to 400 0C has been studied to observe the diesel type fraction present in the liquid. The different blend study with the conventional diesel is being studied for property determination and end use. The chromatographic, distillate properties by simulated distillation analysis and mass spectra studies were carried out to understand the properties of the product. The blend study of the diesel type fuel from polyethylene with conventional diesel fuel provides a scope for its usefulness as feedstock in internal combustion engines and power generation.

A centrifugal gas pump in oil mine was used at elevated temperature and sour environment. The pump was submerged in water to certain height. The body of the pump was ductile cast iron containing 9wt% Ni. The ductile cast iron microstructure of pump body at the top contains Chunky graphite. The lower part of the pump contains spheroidal graphite. The pump was subjected to vibration and salts of the sea in addition to heat. The heat reduced the graphite size (Chunky type) of the upper part of the pump while the lower part of the pump (base) was submerged in water which prevented the reducing of graphites (spheroidal type). The effect of salts on the upper part of Chunky graphite plus the vibration created connected caves and severe crack initiators. The cracks during vibration propagated in the upper part forming severe cracks net in matrix, graphites and carbides. The heat induced aging phenomena to increase the hardness of the upper part of pump.