Globally, research groups are investigating CZTS thin film via various deposition methods as an absorber layer for solar cells. The challenge lies in understanding the formation of a number of secondary phases during and after the synthesis of Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) and its various different structural and optical defects. The present contribution shows an in-depth review of the works carried out so far by various research groups. This review also highlights the effect of deposition parameters on the optical properties of CZTS absorber.

Extraction of gables from remote sensing sources and GIS application has been the subject of slight research. An accurate gable inventory is required for applications such as GIS database number of shanties town, impervious surfaces mapping and Know the places of the displaced through the use of shanties. A methodology for automatic gables extraction that integrates remote sensing sources and GIS data was proposed, where it was consists of a series of image processing (Conversion of DNs to Top, apply tasseled cap transformation (TCT) Brightness). The extraction process was implemented and tested on gable (including commercial and residential) type. In addition, google earth data from Baghdad city, Iraq was identified for the testing and validation of the results. The automatic extraction process was tested and evaluated on multiple feature segments and proved to be successful. The research identifies, recommendations algorithm extraction scenario and drawbacks of the process.

Psychoanalytic concepts have become an indispensable part of people’s daily life, which not only can help them better understand human behaviors and thoughts but also enable them to understand literary texts more accurately and clearly. Jacques Lacan’s psychoanalytic theory, Mirror Stage, gives a new perspective for texts. This paper will illustrate the detailed experiences about Jeannette Walls in The Glass Castle by three Orders of Lacan’s psychoanalytic theory, which can give enlightenment to the perplexed young people in the modern world.

Ondo State is a state in Nigeria with an abundant energy reserve in petroleum and woodfuel resources, contributing significantly to the nation‟s overall energy output. This study reports a comprehensive survey of Household Energy Consumption pattern in this state. It examined various household energy-consuming appliances and usage time across different Building Types, economic class, and Household Sizes. Its findings revealed that: annual Household Energy Consumption across all household types in towns and villages is 10,993 kWh. Of this figure, cooking accounts for 47%, refrigeration accounts for 28%, Thermal Comfort 12%, Electric Lighting 10% while Sundry (other appliances) and Brown Goods (TV, VCD/DVD set) account for 1% and 2% respectively. A number of households were found to use a combination of two or more cooking energy resource. Kerosene served as the most commonly used means of cooking, representing 84% of the survey population, while Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) represents 40%, electricity - 30%, wood – 19%, and charcoal – 7%.

Comparative exergo-economic analysis of a simple and modified cycle gas turbine power plants was carried out in this work, using a GE MS5001 gas turbine located at Trans Amadi in Rivers state, Nigeria as a case study. The simple cycle plant was modified to have an intercooler, regenerator and a reheater with one additional compressor and one additional turbine. Energy, exergy and exergo-economic analyses were carried out on both plants. The net output of the GE MS5001 gas turbine is 26.90MW, and its fuel is natural gas with heating value of 50MJ/kg. The simple gas turbine cycle has an efficiency of 30.4% while the modified gas turbine cycle has an output power and efficiency of 44.67MW and 48.0% respectively. The exergy efficiency of the simple cycle is 22.6% while that of the modified cycle is 43.0%. The highest exergy destruction rate was in the combustion chamber in both cycles and accounted for 90% of exergy destroyed in the simple gas turbine cycle and 43% and 36% in the combustion chamber and reheater of the modified cycle plant. The economic analysis carried out showed that the total purchase equipment cost was higher in the simple cycle plant because of the high pressure ratios the compressor and the turbine operate in the simple cycle compared to the modified cycle. The cost of producing electricity for the simple gas turbine cycle was 10.18$/GJ while that for the modified gas turbine cycle was between 7.3339$/GJ and 7.7969$/GJ. The cost of electricity from the modified cycle is thus cheaper. All the exergo-economic parameters favour the operation of the modified cycle.

Natural convection in water inside an enclosure between two concentric cylinders has been investigated experimentally during heating and cooling process. This is made by the flowing of water as heat transfer fluid through the inner tube of the test section. The temperature distribution of water filled in the enclosure is established during heating and cooling process. As the natural convection phenomenon majorly depends on the heat source and orientation of the test section, the effect of mass flow rate and inlet temperature of heat transfer fluid on temperature distribution and heat transfer rate is investigated, first. Afterward, the effect of inclination of the test section on the temperature distribution is also established. The test section is inclined at 45o, 75o and 90o with the horizontal. The results obtained with different angle oriented test section are compared with the horizontal test section. It is found, convection heat transfer is dominant in heating process while in cooling process conduction mode of heat transfer dominated over convection. It is also observed that during the heating process, heat transfer rate is higher for vertical test section as compared with the other inclinations.