Energy Efficiency is the critical need of Mobile Wireless Sensor Network (MWSN) due to the limitation in the size of the device and the disability to replace the battery of the nodes. In this paper, a Grid Based Energy Efficient Clustering Algorithm for Mobile Wireless Sensor Networks (GEECA) is proposed to select the Cluster Heads (CHs) thereby minimizing the energy consumption. The simulation results are compared with a prevailing clustering algorithm, which reveals that the proposed algorithm outperforms the existing algorithm.

In the current study, the effects of three types of additive (lime, cement and cement kiln dust) on the plasticity of a soil are studied. The results of the study indicate plasticity index are affected by the addition of (cement, lime and cement kiln dust) and the effectiveness of these additives depends on the soil treated and the amount and type of additive used. The main results show that with increase of Additive the plastic limit increases and liquid limit decreases, hence decreases plasticity index and it is revealed that a change of soil texture takes place. While Addicrete BV does not effect on the Atterberg limits or the soil texture of the soil. Then the plasticity properties of the soils including liquid, plasticity and shrinkage limits as well as plasticity index were investigated and compared among the specimens in different mixture proportions. Atterberg limits (Plastic limit “PL”, Liquid limit “LL”, and Plasticity index “PI” = LL-PL) play an important role in soil identification and classification.

Pakistan, a developing country lies in an earthquake prone region with moderate-to-strong ground motions. Recent earthquakes revealed the seismic vulnerability of existing building stock, leading to monetary loss, casualties and fatalities. Kashmir earthquake (2005) resulted in huge loss of lives and livelihood. However, the country lacks tools for earthquake risk assessment and mitigation. The objective of this research work is to develop seismic vulnerabilities of substandard reinforced concrete frame structures for the determination of risk in terms of monetary loss, casualties and fatalities for the Mansehra district of Pakistan under Kashmir earthquake 2005. CFRP retrofit technique is utilized to improve the seismic vulnerability of existing RC building stock for risk mitigation purposes. A hypothetical four story reinforced concrete frame structure, representative of the construction practices in the study region is designed under gravity load. Vulnerability curve is generated by using capacity spectrum method for unconfined and confined structures. Earthquake risk assessment framework for RC frames is developed for socio and economic analysis. Hazard of the region for a single event of Kashmir earthquake 2005 is determined in ArcGIS environment. Using seismic hazard, and seismic vulnerability of confined and unconfined frames, seismic risk in terms of monetary loss, casualties and fatalities is calculated.

Medical devices can be categorized into two categories which is invasive and non-invasive method. Invasive method needs medical device to be inserted into patient body regarding to check or do the treatment on the patients. However, the non-invasive method is a way to check the health condition from the outside of the body. A common non-invasive medical device is Heart rate monitor. The function of the Heart rate monitor is determining heart rate (i.e.) beats per minute. The main aim of this work is to develop a portable device which helps to record heart rate of a person. The heart rate also referred as pulse rate, has been recognized as a vital parameter since beginning of medicine, and is directly related to person’s cardiovascular health. Heart rate or pulse recording is the most important vital parameter which helps the individual as well as doctor to spot out developing health problems. Using Heart Rate Monitor (HRM) is a more accurate way to monitor heart rate than manually taking your pulse at carotid of radial pulse. A HRM detects the electronic signal of heart and automatically computes the heart rate in BPM. Infrared light emitting diode (LED) is used to transmit the light and phototransistor works as a receiver. The Infrared (IR) sensors used uses the principle reflectance plethysmography (PPG) to sense the pulse signal from finger tip. The sensor output is read from the Arduino board, computes the BPM and display the instantaneous heart rate on LCD display module. Based on the above principle, a portable heart rate device using Arduino microcontroller is developed.

Gaussian Mixed Model (GMM) has seen an increase in terms of usage especially to tackle the issue or problem of fraud activities in telecommunication industry. Like any other methods, GMM has its equal share of problems related to the maximum likelihood estimation and the determination of the number of components in GMM. In this paper we will highlight solutions to the said problems such as Expectation Maximization (EM) algorithm and the methods that are normally used to determine the number of components in GMM, which include the most recent research work done by the authors using Kernel method and Akaike Information Criteria (AIC); and the successful derivation of hypothesis testing in the determination of the number of components in GMM. The said derivation has never been attempted before due to the difficulty and complexity of GMM, as exemplified by the use of EM algorithm in solving its maximum likelihood estimation problem. The performance of the hypothesis testing, which is positive and promising despite using different percentage of overlapping; and the comparison of hypothesis testing to AIC, which produced conflicting results under certain conditions will also be highlighted

In this paper naphtha feed characterization and reactor modeling are thoroughly investigated. Naphtha feed characterization method is based on the work of proposing candidate components which have the potential to provide behavior similar to the behavior of the original naphtha feed. HYSYS software is used to provide the thermodynamic properties for the different true boiling points distillation cuts of the naphtha feed. Physical and thermodynamic properties of the selected components which represent each volume fraction (cut) are related to the properties obtained from HYSYS. The results which are the predicted molar composition of the lumped chemical species of the feed are compared to the paraffin-naphthene-aromatic (P,N and A) analysis of the studied commercial data. The relative errors of the feed stream are around 5%. The kinetic model and reaction network are based on the major reforming reaction such as dehydrgenation of naphthenes, dehydrocyclization of paraffin, cracking of paraffins and hydrocracking of cycloalkanes. The characterized data and model were bench marked against the real production data of a Libyan local refinery and the final results of the reformer such as outlet temperatures and reformate octane number have shown deviations with the actual operating data which considered in direct relation with weak points inherited to characterization method.

This paper describes the application of experimental design techniques to characterize the wear behavior of two medium carbon steels designing with suitable alloying elements, Mn, Si, Al, and Cr. Application of experimental design technique enabled us to confirm the significance of the factors affecting the wear behavior with a minimum number of experiments. Attempt was to find out the dominant parameter on the wear behaviour. The experiments of sliding wear were performed under pressure range of 0.71- 1.98 MPa and sliding velocity range of 3.43-10.43 m/s. the wear specimens were obtained through hot forging process with ~ 92% reduction on the investigated alloys at a temperature of 1100 0C followed by air cooling. Microstructural investigations on the worn surfaces were undertaken. The morphology results and the general wear formulas reveal that applied pressure was found to be the most significant parameter.