One of the directions for making cleaner and more economic vehicles is to adopt electric vehicle concept. Therefore, an internal combustion powered engine Nissan Micra Vehicle was converted into battery powered electric vehicle. The power train of the car was redesigned to use DC electric motor in replacement of the existing internal combustion engine and to give the gear ratios possibility of a normal car. The power rating of the motor was determined by considering the rolling, gradient and aerodynamic resistances which gave a total tractive effort of 12190.84 N. The designed power rating was then determined to be 8 kW and this value was used to select the number of batteries that gave the required current to reach an adequate range of operation. To balance the weight of the car, the battery rack was located behind the center of gravity to give the developed vehicle a neutral steer characteristic. After installation of electric motor, inverter and the batteries, then the batteries were connected in series and parallel to the inverter with cable wire via variable frequency drive to ac motor and potentiometer. The vehicle was then evaluated and the voltage produced was able to move the vehicle at 6.24 m/s and the maximum frequency obtained was fifty megahertz (50 MHz).

Within the context of enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems, this study aims to investigate the critical intersection of master information integrity with business rules. Quality master data that is in line with defined business regulations is crucial to the potency of data management systems in this era where data is the foundation for informed decision-making. The complex interplay between acquire data quality and business rule creation, deployment, and enforcement in various organizational settings is the focus of this research. The study takes a holistic view of the interdependent nature of master data quality & business rules by integrating theoretical frameworks, empirical analysis, and case studies. This research seeks to enhance our understanding of the opportunities and challenges that organizations encounter when trying to optimize the management of their information processes by analyzing practical situations and industry best practices to identify the critical factors impacting data quality and how they interact with business rules. In addition, the study delves into the impacts of poor mastery data quality on business rule effectiveness, and, on the other hand, how clearly specified business rules can improve master data quality. Researchers hope that businesses will be able to use the findings to strengthen their data governance plans and create a more flexible method of data management. Keeping ahead of the competition in today's data-driven world requires a deep grasp of the connection between core information integrity and business regulations, since data remains a valuable strategic asset for organizations.

Drying is an important unit operation in the processing of fresh cassava tubers into cassava chips. An air flow meter is a device that measure airflow. Airflow meter and direction sensing are importance in many fields, including the monitoring on vehicle engine performance. The airflow meter for cassava chips measures how much air is flowing through the cassava chips. There are many reasons and ways to measure airflow, this technical method of explores the use of air flow meter to measure cassava chips in order to ensure the proper airflow to dry the cassava chip, which will improve the value chain of cassava processing. This research work focused on the design and performance evaluation of an airflow meter for drying cassava chips. The air flow meter was made from locally available materials and it consists of a blower, pressure, sensor, temperature sensor, heating chamber which was used to carry out several tests on cassava chips. From the test conducted during drying operation, at a temperature of 900c for a 372g of cassava chips, it takes a period of 180 minutes (3hours) with an airflow of 133m3/sec to dry it to a safe moisture content. At temperature 1100c for 617g of cassava chips, it takes a period of 240 minutes (4hours) with an airflow of 209m3/sec to dry it to safe moisture content. The efficiencies of the drying mechanism and measuring airflow device are 70% and 65% respectively. The sample dried with airflow meter still retain their white colours, thus indicating no mould growth.

This paper presents the steady-state thermal and static structural modelling of a laboratory-scale pyrolysis reactor for the thermal degradation of biomass wastes. A laboratory-scale pyrolysis reactor of volume 9.203 x 10-3m3 was developed to pyrolyse Palm Kernel Shell (PKS) and Palm Fruit Bunch (PFB) at varying temperatures of 350oC, 400oC, 450oC, 500oC, and 550oC. The reactor chamber was simulated for static-steady thermal and static structural analysis to determine the temperature distribution and thermal stresses induced in it. The model was developed using SolidWorks software, and a Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulation was carried out using ANSYS Workbench 19. A total number of 2,459 elements was generated composed of 8630 nodes using Hexahedra dominant meshing method. It was observed from the simulation result that the temperature distribution inside and outside the reactor chamber were 454.29oC and 550oC respectively. The maximum heat flux of 8.3466e+005 W/m² occurred at the inner chamber of the reactor due to the high concentration of the biomass waste and devolatization reaction, and the maximum equivalent (von-Mises) stresses the material can withstand at higher temperature is 1.6674e+009 Pa without rupture. It was found out from the simulation result that at a maximum temperature of 550oC, the equivalent (von Mises) stresses induced at the outer and inner chamber is 1.8585e+008 Pa, which is far lower than the maximum stress the material can withstand without rupture. Thus, the reactor is safe to operate at a temperature higher than 550oC without failure.

Carbon nanotubes and fullerenes offer exceptional mechanical and electrical qualities due to their cylindrical and hollow spherical molecular structures. Their extensive range of applications, which includes field emission displays, impregnated metal composites, battery storage media, and nanoelectronics devices, demonstrates their exceptional adaptability. The combination of simple materials, variable behavior, and simplicity of manufacture makes these materials a focal point of contemporary research. Due to the low bias transmission at a few nanometers, they have a wide range of applications in electronic devices, and finding their potential applications is a complicated process. Due to the fact that the valance and conduction bands are symmetric, they have a straight band gap and can be exploited for optical emission. Three processes, including arc discharge, laser ablation, and chemical vapor deposition, can be used to generate carbon nanotubes (CNTs), although chemical vapor deposition (CVD) is the most used method since it yields CNTs that are more than 98% pure. Multiple chirality of 100% pure MWCNTs results in enhanced optical properties and improved use as a light harvesting material. Using CNT composites and functionalized nanotubes, the dye-sensitized solar cells are constructed. In this brief review, the synthesis of CNT and its application in solar cells are discussed.

This article explores the transformative journey of semiconductor design from monolithic structures to the cutting-edge era of chiplets. Chiplets, modular components offering specific functionalities, have emerged as a catalyst, reshaping the global semiconductor industry. Their capacity for tight interconnectivity, diverse applications, and cost-effective manufacturing marks a paradigm shift. The article delves into the historical context of Moore's Law, the rise of chiplets, and their impact on the semiconductor landscape. It further discusses key considerations in chiplet architecture, optimization algorithms, and future adoption in industries like data centers, mobile devices, AI, and automotive. Chiplet-based designs promise enhanced efficiency, collaboration, and innovation, heralding a new era in semiconductor evolution.

Disputes are common in construction projects due to their dynamic and complex nature. If project leaders ignore finding resolution quickly, these disputes can impact negatively on project performance. Therefore, effective dispute resolution is important for successful project performance and closure as well. This paper comprehensively explores the use of Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) techniques for construction disputes focusing on negotiation, mediation, arbitration, expert determination, and adjudication. The study investigates the effectiveness and applications of each ADR method, emphasizing the advantages of ADR, including time and cost savings, confidentiality, and relationship preservation. This paper provides a better understanding of these mechanisms for anyone involved in construction projects. Furthermore, the paper offers a strategic approach to choosing the most suitable ADR method, considering factors such as financial constraints, organizational dynamics, legal requirements, and the nature of the dispute.

The compositional range of materials to be welded, the thickness of the base materials, and current type are the main determining variables in the choice of welding. However, thermal expansion in mild steel weldments occurs when the material expands or contracts when subjected to changes in temperature during welding or subsequent heating and cooling cycles. This expansion and contraction can lead to residual stresses, distortion, and even cracking in the weldment if not properly managed. Mild steel, like many other metals, expands when heated and contracts when cooled. One major challenge occurs when during welding, the high temperatures cause the metal to expand in the heat-affected zone (HAZ) and the weld zone itself, then as the weldment cools down, it contracts, but this contraction might not be uniform due to differences in cooling rates across the weldment. The present study aims to predict the thermal expansion of mild steel weldments in relation to the current, voltage and gas flow rate. The central composite design is used for the design of experiment of 20 experimental runs, while the Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was used for the analysis. The model used in the RSM is Quadratic, while the coefficient of determinant, R-Squared of 0.9642, Adj R-Squared, 0.9319, Pred R-Squared, 0.7133, Adeq Precision 22.307 were obtained. There was no outliner which showed that the model adequately predicted the response. The study establishes that thermal expansion of mild-steel weldment can be adequately predicted by applying expect system such as the Response Surface Methodology.

An investigation into the effects of combustible materials on the refractory properties of Ugwuoba clay, using corncob ash has been undertaken. Ugwuoba clay was sourced from Ugwuoba town in Oji River Local Government Area of Enugu State, Nigeria, while corncobs were collected at New Artisan Market in Enugu Metropolis. The clay was processed using standard beneficiation and purification procedures at the Ceramics Department of Projects Development Agency (PRODA), Enugu. The corncobs were calcined into amorphous ash by heating in a furnace at 650oC. The refractory blends were compounded at the ratio of 90:10, 80:20, 70:30, and 60:40 for Ugwuoba clay (UGC) to Corncob Ash (CCA) respectively. These blends were subsequently moulded into the standard test pieces for the various properties determination and subjected to firing at temperatures of 900oC, 1000oC, 1100oC and 1200oC. Thereafter, the fired samples were characterized for fired shrinkages, total shrinkages, apparent porosities, water absorption coefficients, apparent densities, bulk densities and cold crushing strengths. The results obtained for each of the blends showed that the values were within the tolerable limits for industrial refractories with the 20%CCA blends showing the best results when compared with the other blends. A conclusion is drawn to the effect that corncob ash can serve as good organic admixtures for refractory bricks production for the lining of melting furnaces in the metals industry, hence opening new frontiers for recycling of these agricultural wastes for environmental safety and economic development in Nigeria.

The study investigates the effect of convective flow on entropy generation for MHD heat transfer flow of viscous fluid embedded in a porous channel due to thermal radiation. The governing equations were transformed using the non-dimensional parameters. The solution of the resulting coupled dimensionless differential equations with a constant coefficient describing the momentum, energy, and mass transfer equations was obtained by using the method of undetermine coefficient. The parameters embedded in the flow are thermal radiation , Prandtl number, entropy generation , Suction/injection parameter , heat source/sink , porous material . In addition, physical quantities of engineering interest such as the Bejan number , Brinkman number , volumetric flow rate , skin friction coefficient, and heat transfer rate were computed. It is noticed that velocity and temperature increase significantly with an increase in heat source and suction parameters, while a reverse trend is observed when heat sink and injection are present. It is also evident that, the heat source increases the temperature profile in the presence of injection parameter, and a reverse trend is observed when the heat sink increases in the presence of the suction parameter. skin friction is decreasing with increase higher values of porous material in both at when injection and , volume flow rate reduces with increasing values of heat source and shot-up with decreasing values of heat sink, its observed that entropy generation is increasing for higher values of ...........

This research aims to assess the amenability of Farin-Lamba cassiterite to the gravity concentrations techniques towards tin oxide production. The ore was subjected to fractional sieve size analysis, work index, and the concentration test to gravity method using the Wilfley shaking table and Spiral concentrator processing. Fractional sieve analysis of the crude sample was carried out at a sieve range of 500-63 µm towards liberation size determination. Five hundred (500) g each of Farin-Lamba cassiterite and Igbokoda silica sand was prepared by grinding to 100% passing 500 μm sieve towards work index determination and the gravity separation method was determined using the Wilfley shaking table and spiral concentration method. The fractional sieve size analysis carried out revealed that the Tin oxide-bearing mineral can be liberated at the particle size fraction of -180 + 125 μm. The work index alongside the energy expended in grinding the ore was found to be 9.980 Kwh/ton and 2.435 Kwh respectively. The chemical analysis of the ore concentrates revealed that the optimum yield was obtained at +125 µm assaying 62.74% SnO2 for Wilfley shaking table and 60.07% SnO2 for spiral concentration.