In this paper, the monthly variation of Surface Water Vapour Density (SWVD) with meteorological parameters of monthly average daily mean temperature, relative humidity, surface pressure, cloud cover and sunshine hours during the period of thirty-eight (38) years (1979 - 2016) for Akure (Latitude 7.280N, Longitude 5.300E, 375m above sea level) were investigated. The daily variation of surface water vapour density for the two distinct seasons considering two typical months in each during the period of year 2014 was examined. The results showed fluctuation in the amount of surface water vapour density in each day of the month for the period under investigation. The monthly average daily values indicated that the surface water vapour densities are greater during the rainy season than in the dry season. It was observed that the maximum average value of surface water vapour density of 20.1019 gm-3 occurred in the month of September during the rainy season and minimum value of 15.5110 gm-3 in the month of January during the dry season. The highest value of surface water vapour density was observed on the 4th of June, 2014 with 26.3320 gm-3 and the lowest on the 31st day of December, 2014 with 6.0276 gm-3. The comparison assessment of the developed two variable SWVD based models was carried out using statistical indices of coefficient of determination (R2), Mean Bias Error (MBE), Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), Mean Percentage Error (MPE), Nash – Sutcliffe Equation (NSE) and Index of Agreement (IA). The developed multivariate correlation regression model that relates pressure and precipitable water vapour with R2 = 100%, MBE = -0.0177, RMSE = 0.0179, MPE = 0.1034, NSE = 99.9956% and IA = 99.9989% was found more suitable for surface water vapour density estimation with good fitting and therefore can be used for estimating surface water vapour density in Akure.

Estimation and investigation of an earth’s albedo is significant in the evaluation and design of solar energy collectors, atmospheric radiative transfer and studies that relates to atmospheric thermal balance. This study employed the shortwave solar energy balancing at the edge of the Earth’s atmosphere to estimate and compare the variation of albedo for Nguru situated in the Sahelian region of Nigeria, using measured monthly mean daily meteorological parameter of global solar radiation obtained from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) during the period of thirty-eight years (1984 – 2021). The variation of albedo with surface temperature, maximum wavelength, clearness index, global solar radiation, relative humidity and mean temperature for this location was investigated. The results in this study show that the estimated surface albedo depicts a direct opposite relationship with the clearness index, an inverse relationship with the emitting Earth’s surface temperature and a direct relationship with the wavelength for the studied location. The highest and lowest values of albedo for the location was in the months of August and January with 0.4628 and 0.3403 respectively. The emitting Earth surface temperature ranged between 238.5837 K in August and 251.1607 K in January. These values agreed closely to the standard emitting Earth surface temperature value (255.0000 K). The maximum emitting wavelength values for the location revealed that the radiation is longwave and is found within the infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum.

Leakages in pipeline is an important problem that can occur at any stage of the pipeline lifespan due to ageing, improper installation, or human related factors like bunkering or vandalization. Several invasive and non-invasive techniques are being used which have proven to be successful. However, this study focuses on leakage in an area of the pipeline network that is most often overlooked. This area is within the first 100 meters of the pipeline network to the excitation pump and is often prone to leakages due to high pressure. This study shows that even at no leak conditions pressure profile of a short pipeline in a closed loop configuration can vary by as much 59.93 percent. The study also examined the impact of single leak, double leaks, and triple leaks on the pipeline network with pressure loss compared to the no leak condition ranging from about 10 percent to as high as 60 percent.