Nowadays, the Geographic Information System (GIS) technology has become more popular and is now widely used in earth sciences and environmental. It is a huge and rapidly growing industry and market all over the world, with huge demand for knowledge, experience, information, data, and GIS software products. Project managers, environmental scientists, legislators, activists, and the public are curious about what is the technology of the GIS, and how it can help them with cases or projects. Professionals of GIS are interested in learning of basics of earth sciences and environmental to apply GIS technology in these sciences and other related disciplines. This paper start from the introduction about GIS and various applications, and these applications divided into Overlay of layers, Land Information, Utilities and Infrastructure, Environmental, Archaeology, Natural Hazards, Military, Oceanography, Water Resources, and Agriculture. Finally, we are trying to give conclusions about this research. This paper gives an overview of the application and uses related to GIS. GIS techniques are very useful for various kinds of applications such as for Education, Medical, Tourism and Archeology, Urban Planning, Temperature, water harvesting, Change Detection, and Business. So the use of GIS is the most interesting research topic in recent years.

A study was undertaken to develop and apply the first-order Markov model in generating the synthetic stream flow for Adada, Ivo, Otamiri, Imo and Ajali rivers located in South East Nigeria. The best-fit probability distributions for the maximum annual stream flows were lognormal, Weibull, normal and lognormal for Adada, Ajali, Ivo, Otamiri and Imo (Umuokpara) rivers respectively were used in simulating the associated random deviates. The stream flow data for 10 years (1980 to 1989) were used to develop the model and to predict the stream flow. The model performance was evaluated with the aid of the coefficient of determination (R2). The results indicated a satisfactory performance as evidenced by R2 values of 51.69%, 31.3%, 21.4%, 33% and 21% for Adada, Ajali, Ivo, Otamiri and Imo rivers respectively. The developed models were used to generate 50-year synthetic stream flows of these rivers. The study showed that the annual Markov models have proved to be a powerful tool to extend 10-year record of maximum annual runoffs.

Megaprojects are a large-scale project with an expensive cost and long time schedule, this unique kind of projects are usually given their infamous reputation as it is often result in undesired outcomes same as enormous cost overruns and time extensions. In a lot of cases of undesired outcomes, we can predict that it is due to not managing megaprojects characteristics as skillfully as required and wrong combination of that characteristics which lead to a disaster. Improper managing the different managerial aspects of mega projects is reflecting a failure in the achievement of the project requirements especially in case of risk managements where we can say that, Mega projects is resulting a Mega risk. Risk management is currently considered to be a mandatory part of project management in general and an integral part of successful project management while the main aspect which is projects management is different from megaprojects than in other types of projects (small- and medium-scale projects) as in case of megaproject the management is more complex and complicated due to the size and complexity of that kind of projects. In this research the author studied the Risk Management in the Mega construction projects in the kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) and the main objective of this research was to apply the best ways of managing the risk in case of mega construction projects starting from identifying the most significant risks which impact this kind of project in KSA and then analyze the identified risk qualitatively to determine its impact in the project objective and to find out the most significant 15 risks after the ranking of the identified risk depending on the risk importance index of every risk the research resulted in identifying 57 risks and categorize those risks in 2 main groups and 8 subgroups one of them is related the mega construction projects characteristics and then the most important risks has been determined.

This paper determines analytically the effect of in-plane statically applied normal loads on nonlinear fundamental frequency of thin rectangular plate with edge constraints as simply supported – clamped – simply supported – clamped (SCSC). The weak-form variational principle was used to formulate the energy functional of the plate problems. Algebraic polynomial displacements were used as shape functions. Both linear and nonlinear buckling loads were numerically computed at various aspect ratios. The nonlinear fundamental frequencies were computed at various aspect ratios by considering the presence of in-plane applied normal loads and also by considering the absence of in-plane loads. Furthermore, the variations in the ratios of nonlinear to linear buckling loads; and nonlinear fundamental to natural nonlinear fundamental frequencies were determined at various aspect ratios. The numerical value of linear buckling load obtained for a square plate was compared with results from previous works found in literature, and there was satisfactory convergence with percentage error of 4.90. Conclusively from the analytical and numerical results obtained, in-plane statically applied normal loads affect the nonlinear fundamental frequency of thin rectangular SCSC plate.