Lichens, a symbiotic partnership between fungi and algae, possess a remarkable array of biological properties. This study explored the antibacterial and antioxidant potential of extracts from two lichen species: Bulbothrix isidiza and Parmotrema reticulatum. The disc diffusion method revealed promising antibacterial activity in both lichen extracts against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Notably, the ethyl acetate extract of B. isidiza and the ethanol extract of P. reticulatum exhibited the strongest inhibitory effects. The DPPH free radical scavenging assay confirmed antioxidant activity in both lichen extracts, with scavenging activity increasing with extract concentration. These findings suggest the potential for these lichens as sources of natural antimicrobials and antioxidants. Further research is necessary to identify the bioactive compounds responsible for these activities and assess their potential therapeutic applications.

Glomus jugulare tumors are rare, highly vascular paragangliomas of the skull base that pose significant surgical challenges due to their proximity to critical neurovascular structures and their propensity for extensive local invasion. In low- and middle-income countries such as Nigeria, limitations in access to advanced imaging, preoperative embolization, intraoperative neuromonitoring, and blood products further complicate management. The objective is to describe the surgical technique, perioperative management, and outcomes of patients with glomus jugulare tumors managed in a Nigerian hospital. This was a prospective case series of patients with radiologically confirmed glomus jugulare tumors managed surgically from January 2024 to December 2025. Preoperative evaluation included cranial nerve assessment and cross-sectional imaging. Surgical approaches, extent of resection, estimated blood loss, perioperative complications, and functional outcomes were analyzed. Seven patients were included, with a mean age of 45.7 years. Hearing loss and lower cranial nerve dysfunction were the most frequent presenting symptoms. Gross total resection was achieved in 5 patients (71.4%). The mean estimated blood loss was 253 ml. One patient (14.3%) developed new or worsened postoperative lower cranial nerve deficits, which improved during follow-up. No perioperative mortality occurred. Adjuvant radiotherapy was recommended for subtotal resections but could not be administered due to limited availability. Despite significant resource constraints, surgical management of glomus jugulare tumors in Nigeria is feasible with acceptable oncological and functional outcomes. Early diagnosis, meticulous microsurgical technique, and a multidisciplinary collaboration remain critical for optimizing patient outcomes in resource-limited settings.

The study Investigates empirically the Impact of technological development on deposit money banks’ performance in Nigeria using annual lime series covering a period of 13 years, which is between 2009 Ql and 2021 Q4. To accomplish this objective, descriptive statistics, the unit root test, and Toda- Yamamoto modelling techniques were adopted for the analysis. The study shows that the number of points of sale does not affect deposit money banks' performance; and the number of mobile payments does not affect deposit money banks’ performance in Nigeria, but the number of automated teller machines enhances deposit money banks Performance. The study therefore concludes that technological development enhanced deposit money banks’ performance in Nigeria within the period of study. The study recommends that efforts be made to improve the efficiency of ATM service delivery in the country. There is a need to always fund the machines to ease transactions and prevent the risk of customers carrying cash over long distances to banks.

The purpose of this investigation was to examine the effects of Orangetheory fitness training, yogic practices, and their combined application on psychological stress among obese school students. Sixty obese students aged between 12 and 14 years from schools in and around Thoothukudi, Tamil Nadu, were selected as participants. The subjects were randomly assigned into four groups consisting of fifteen students each. Group I participated in Orangetheory fitness training, Group II performed yogic practices, Group III underwent a combined programme of Orangetheory training and yoga, while Group IV served as the control group without any specific intervention. Psychological stress was considered the dependent variable and was measured using the standardized Every and Grinodo Psychological Stress Scale. The experimental programmes were conducted for twelve weeks with five sessions per week. Data were collected before the commencement of the training and immediately after the completion of the intervention period. The collected data were analysed using the dependent t-test and Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA). Whenever the adjusted post-test F-ratio was found significant, Scheffe’s post-hoc test was applied to determine the paired mean differences. The level of significance was fixed at 0.05. The findings revealed significant differences among the experimental and control groups, and the combined training programme produced greater stress reduction compared with the individual training methods.

Congenital Hypothyroidism is a rare but serious malformative pathology, subject to congenital screening in several countries around the world. its impact once omitted is serious and irreversible. The form with agenesis of the thyroid gland called athyreosis can be associated with several malformations, cardiac, renal or skeletal. Patients living with athyreosis most often have symptoms of chronic hypothyroidism, which can be attributed either to a FT3/F4 ratio that is too low or a defect in the peripheral deiodation of T4 to T3. We report the case of a young girl with athyreosis who maintains a refractory hypothyroidism syndrome.

Background: single pill combinations is proved to achieve patient compliance and hence better blood sugar control and less occurrence of complications of type two diabetes. Objectives: to assess the outcome of fixed dose combination management of diabetic patients by monitor blood glucose and HbA1c, renal function test and body weight, and test its significancy in regard to the previous management. Methodology: Prospective follow up study carried out for a period of 28 weeks, combined pills of pioglitazone 30mg with glyburide 2mg as a single dose drug taken before breakfast-and dapagliflozin 10mg combined with 1000mg metformin as a single dose taken at dinner, measurement of fasting blood sugar, HbA1c, blood urea , creatine and weight and renal function test and weight were done at the start of the study and then repeated 28 weeks later, compliance was assessed using Morisky Medication Adherence Scale (MMAS-8) with 3 level Likert scale. Results: The eligible subjects who were involved in the study were 72, their mean blood sugar and HbA1c at start of the study was 302.09, 10.40respectively, mean blood urea and creatinine 41.34, 0.72respectively, mean weight was 80.03 kg, by the end of the study period all the reading was reduced to the following levels: , 198.33, 8.43, 40.67, .69 in the same previous order, apart from the mean weight which showed an increase to 81.82. While compliance was increased from score of 6 up to score of 8. Conclusion: Drug combination and single pills have assured compliance and hence blood sugar control and have a negative impact on the occurrence of complications.

Background: Gestational diabetes mellitus is a common metabolic complication of pregnancy and is associated with significant maternal and neonatal morbidity. The rising prevalence of gestational diabetes, particularly in low- and middle-income countries, poses increasing challenges for obstetric and neonatal care. Maternal hyperglycemia alters intrauterine metabolic conditions, potentially leading to adverse delivery outcomes and early neonatal complications. Objective: To evaluate the impact of gestational diabetes mellitus on mode of delivery, maternal complications and early neonatal outcomes in a tertiary care hospital setting. Methods: This prospective observational study was conducted in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Rangpur Medical College and Hospital, Bangladesh, from January to December 2025. A total of 150 pregnant women were enrolled, including 75 with gestational diabetes mellitus and 75 without gestational diabetes. Maternal socio-demographic characteristics, obstetric outcomes and early neonatal outcomes were recorded. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and chi-square tests. Results: Women with gestational diabetes had higher rates of caesarean section (52.0% vs. 32.0%), pregnancy-induced hypertension (18.7% vs. 8.0%), preterm delivery (21.3% vs. 9.3%) and polyhydramnios (10.7% vs. 2.7%). Neonates born to mothers with gestational diabetes showed increased macrosomia (22.7% vs. 8.0%), neonatal hypoglycemia (18.7% vs. 4.0%) and neonatal intensive care unit admission (24.0% vs. 9.3%). Conclusion: Gestational diabetes mellitus significantly increases the risk of adverse maternal and early neonatal outcomes. Early detection and comprehensive management strategies are essential to reduce associated morbidity.