Four samples of Guadua Angustifolia (Colombian Timber Bamboo) bamboo culms were investigated in this study in order to determine the effects of nodes and other physical properties on the compressive strength. The samples were categorized into two groups; samples with nodes (labeled 1M and 1G) and samples between nodes (internode) which were labelled 1J and 1B. The mechanical properties such as moisture content, density, modulus of elasticity and compressive strength of the samples were studied in the laboratory. From the results obtained, it was observed that the density of all the bamboo samples was directly proportional to their respective compressive strengths. Bamboo culm samples from the internode part had a compressive strength that is lower than that of those from the node part (1M and 1G). The culm sample from the node part (1M) had the highest compressive strength of 80.5379 N/mm2 while the culm sample from the internode part (1B) had the lowest compressive strength of 60.8930 N/mm2. The culm diameter, wall thickness and length influenced the cross-sectional area over which the stress was determined. Therefore, the mechanical properties of bamboo are dependent on its physical properties to a reasonable extent.

Land use land cover change trend in Phewa watershed of Nepal was found very unsymmetric over the past two decades causing tones of soil loss from it. This research focused on providing some valuable insights related to land use land cover change and its effects on soil loss from Phewa watershed using the ArcGIS and RUSLE Model in conjunction with Remote Sensing data for the year 2000, 2005, 2010, 2015, and 2020. This study predicts that the settlement change rate in very intensive compared to other coverages. However, change rate for forest, agriculture, barren, and water was found noticeable. Highest rate of change for settlement land was found 128.40 ha/yr in 2005 to 2010 while for agriculture and forest land it was found 192.92 ha/yr and 181.88 ha/yr respectively in 2000 to 2005. For the barren land and water highest rate of change were 94.12 ha/yr and 12ha/yr respectively. The overall land use change from 2000 to 2020 for built-up area, agricultural land, forest area and bare land were found as 12.30 Km2 (342.20%), 6.47 Km2 (13.12%), 2.45 Km2 (4.27%), and 3.44 Km2 (39.13%) respectively. This research predicts that the fluctuation of land use change has great effects on the soil loss. The year interval having higher land cover change consisted with higher loss of soil and vice versa. Soil loss rate was found highest in 2010 (16.74 t/ha/yr) followed by its lowest rate in 2015 (11.58 t/ha/yr. Year interval with these two significant soil losses has high rate of LULC change. Additionally, this study forecasted the land use land cover change using MOLUSCE in QGIS for the year 2025 and 2030. Forecasted result showed that settlement area will maintain its coverage as 17.10 Km2 and 17.19 Km2 in 2025 and 2030 respectively. In 2025, forest and agriculture will maintain their coverage as 54.99 Km2 and 42.53 Km2 respectively followed by their coverage in 2030 as 55.10 Km2 and 42.39 Km2 respectively. The barren land will be 4.33 Km2 in 2025 but 4.25 Km2 in 2030 while the water coverage for both 2025 and 2030 years will be the same as 3.86 Km2. The results of this study could be very useful and could serve as a corner stone for the sustainable management of land use land cover and to control the soil erosion from the Phewa watershed.

This research work is premised on investigating the failing state of the Sango Ota- Owode expressway with design life of 20 years when it was first opened to traffic in 1974. It was reconstructed in 1993 through 2000 when it was fully opened to traffic again. However, it has become unserviceable with several deformations and deterioration all over the entire road. Eight soil samples were collected at the chosen failed sections and five soil samples at the good section for both sub-grade and sub-base, Twenty six samples all together. The soil samples were tested to determine the Atterberg limits, particle size distribution, compaction and California bearing ratio and the results were compared with the Federal Ministry of works and housing (1994) general specification. The Optimum Moisture Content (O.M.C) test result for the sub-grade and sub-base materials shows that none of the eight samples met the required criteria as their values were greater than the maximum of 7% specified. Only three samples of locations at Km 28+100 (o-s), Km 25+069 (o-s) and Km 24+000 (o-s) with values of 8%, 7% and 8% respectively, met the soaked CBR condition of at least 7%, while only two samples of locations at Km 28+100 (o-s) and Km 24+000 (o-s) with subgrade CBR values of 16% and 17%, met the unsoaked criterion. For the sub-base, only samples of location Km 25+069 (o-s) with value of 34% met the soaked CBR value of at least 30% while samples of locations at Km 28+100 (o-s) and Km 25+069 (o-s) with unsoaked CBR values of 80% and 82% respectively, which met the minimum 80% criterion for subbase. From the above undesirable results for the geotechnical investigation, reconstruction of the pavement is recommended.

External RC containment vessel of nuclear power plant is considered as a vital structure in the nuclear plant. The main function for the external RC containment is to prevent the escape of radiation into the external environment. The external RC containment of NPPs is subjected to impact of an aeroplane Boeing 707-320 acting on 16 exterior nodes at a vertical distance of 30m measured from the top of the foundation level. The problem in this research is the damage generated due to the impact of missile on external RC containment which can escape the radiation into the external environment. The response for RC containment was conducted with respect to stresses, displacement, velocity and acceleration after the impact. The objective is to increase the compressive strength of concrete in order to reduce the damage for RC containment due to impact of missile compared to concrete with a compressive strength of 30 Mpa. It was observed that the damage affects only the impact region of the RC containment. Parametric numerical modelling was conducted using ANSYS program for concrete having different compressive strength for external RC containment. It was observed that the effect of different compressive strength has a great result on the displacement, velocity and acceleration for RC containment due to impact of Boeing 707-320.