Introduction: Masseter muscle hypertrophy can cause a prominent mandibular angle, which results in an unaesthetic lower face contour. Botox injection is a minimally invasive procedure compared to conventional surgery and is safe and easy to handle. Patients often request an aesthetic alteration by surgical procedures or masseter muscle injections to attain an aesthetic facial contour. While aesthetic surgery can reshape the lower face contour, numerous patients still choose a minimally invasive therapeutic approach. Aim: This study aims to review published articles that discussed the effect of buccal fat pad removal versus masseter muscle Botox for improving facial aesthetics. Materials and Methods: A literature search was performed from multiple databases including PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane, and Google Scholar. The most eligible articles were included using specific keywords. The literature search was limited to full-text English articles, which were screened for eligibility by two reviewers. Results and Discussion: Six studies were included in our study, these studies demonstrated that aesthetic results were improved in all discussed clinical trials. However, more clinical trials are needed for fat pad removal surgery trials. Conclusion: Our study showed that masseter muscle Botox injection can improve overall facial aesthetic appearance. However, more clinical trials are needed for buccal fat pad removal surgery.

Introduction: Urinary tract infection (UTI) is the third most common infection during childhood and considered as an important risk factor for the development long-term complications. It was aimed to look into the demographic characteristics, clinical presentations, and antimicrobial resistance among children hospitalized for UTI. Methods: This cross-sectional observational study was conducted at the Inpatients Department of Uttara Adhunik Medical College and Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh. The study duration was 2 years, from July 2017 to June 2019, during which period, a total of 90 children with urinary tract infection visiting the study place were included in the study, following the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Result: The age of the participants ranged from over 1 months to 5 years., with majority (55.56%) being between the age of 2-5 years. The male to female ratio was 1:1.73. Fever was the commonest presenting symptom in participants, with 87.78% prevalence, followed by vomiting in 80% of the participants. The commonest organism cultured in this study was E. coli (80%), followed by Klebsiella spp. (20%). Isolated pathogens were highly sensitive to Amikacin (100.0%), Meropenem (100.0%), Imipenem (97.0%) and Nitrofurantoin (90.9% - 100.0%), moderately sensitivity to third generation Cephalosporine and highly resistant to Ampicillin (75.0 - 78.8%), Amoxiclav (72.7% - 87.5%) and Cephalexin (81.1% - 87.5%). Conclusion: The proportion of urinary tract infection in females was higher than males. Most patients presented with more than one symptom but most commonly presented with fever. E. coli was the most common isolated bacteria in hospitalized children with a principal diagnosis of UTI. Most of the isolated pathogens were highly resistant to ampicillin, cotrimoxazole, and highly sensitivity to amikacin, nitrofurantoin and meropenem.

Background: Traditional oral examination is a subjective tool of assessment, day by day which is losing its credibility because lack of its objectivity and impartiality. On the other hand, Structured Oral Examination (SOE) is a modified form of oral examination with some criteria where whole system is structured beforehand by preparing the questions in advance covering the educational objectives, carefully selecting the examiner, equal time allocated for each examinee & concurrent marking for each response. Structured Oral Examination (SOE) may be considered as the appropriate concept to overcome the drawbacks of the traditional oral examination but its implementation is a tedious, keen, time-consuming job. Aim of the Study: The aim of this study- to sought out suggestions of medical teachers in overcoming the problems in practicing SOE. Methods: This descriptive cross sectional qualitative study was conducted in two public and two private medical colleges, namely Dhaka Medical College, Sir Salimullah Medical College, Ibrahim Medical College and Holy Family Red Crescent Medical College in Bangladesh during the period from July 2010-June 2011. The MBBS course was then divided into 3 phases. In total 50 teachers who were conducting Structured Oral Examinations (SOE) for at least last two years in any of selected medical colleges were enrolled as the study subjects. An open-ended questionnaire was used to collect research data. Data were edited after collection. Then the content was analyzed by the researcher and has been presented in a narrative form and also quantification of these data shown separately for convenience. Results: Lack of proper teacher training & motivation, lack of uniformity in examination process in different medical colleges were common problem faced uniformly by all (100%). Inadequate number & remuneration of teachers, undue intervention of authority/political leaders/influential/co-examiner, chance of leakage of ill prepared & inadequate number of questions were other important problems & drawbacks in the opinion of 3/4th (74%) of the respondents. Above-all preparing well-structured SOE question card is a tedious & time-consuming procedure to all (100%) teachers. The ultimate recommendations of our teachers to overcome these were, regular & continuous training of teachers on assessment, central question bank & central monitoring & moderation of question for all medical colleges, appointment of post graduate doctor of same discipline in registrar or in equivalent post who are directly related to teaching & assessment were uniform opinion of all (100%) teachers. Other recommendations include number of competent teachers & remuneration of teachers should be increased - opinion of 3/4th (74%) of the respondents, separate medical education service so only motivated doctors can be selected in teaching profession, enforcing some strict regulatory laws, judicious setup/pairing of examiner, some (20%) open ended questions may be included in all question card for giving extra marks to extra ordinary student or for assessing exact level of learning in case of very poor performed student, rearrangement of subjects in different Phases to overcome time constraint, final examination may be conducted by separate medical college in separate venue. Conclusion: As per the findings of this study we can conclude that, considering the scholar opinion of medical teachers if their recommendations can be implemented, undoubtedly our medical education will progress further by certifying more competent and safer doctor for ourselves and universe.

Background: Antimicrobial Resistance is a major concern because a resistant infection may kill, and can spread to others, and imposes huge costs to individuals and society. The prevalence of MCR-1 resistance gene in Sudan possesses potential threat for treatment of patient especially when hospitalized. This study was implemented to determine the prevalence of MCR-1 Resistance gene in Khartoum state Hospitals in K. pneumoniae, isolates from clinical specimens using Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) technique. Methods: In this study, one hundred Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates from clinical specimens the study was (31%) were males, while (69 %) were females. There were aged from (17 to 40) years with (Mean = 27.4 and SD = 6.598). The isolated organisms were stored in 20% Glycerol Peptone Media. Samples were cultured and Re-identified using conventional methods. And tested to antimicrobial susceptibility test using Kirby baur disk diffusion Method. Results: 11% were Resistance for AST to colistin. then presence of MCR-1 gene was investigated by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) technique. Out of 100 of Klebsiella pneumoniae Isolates, 4(4%) show positive MCR-1 Three of them from these 11% Resistance and only one from other 89 sensitive the data computerized and analyzed through SPSS 23. All statistical tests have done using chi-Square and the association of Colistin Resistance with MCR-1 gene were significant p-value (<0.05). The Colistin Resistance is an alarm from staff holders because it is considered as main treatment for ICU infections.

The zebrafish (Danio rerio) model has been exponentially adopted because it is a small tropical freshwater fish with crucial genetic, anatomical, and physiological homology with humans. Therefore, zebrafish constitute an excellent experimental model for behavioral, genetic, and toxicological studies that unravel the mechanisms of various human diseases. The zebrafish is a vertebrate, as it shares many organs with humans, including the blood, muscles, kidneys, and eyes. Genome organization and the pathways involved in controlling signal transduction appear to be highly conserved between zebrafish and humans, and therefore zebrafish may be used for modeling human diseases. The zebrafish genome has been sequenced, allowing scientists to study the functions of more than 14,000 genes by inducing mutations in those genes. Zebrafish have a special ability to repair their heart muscle, and scientists are attempting to determine the specific factors involved in this process to help people with heart problems. This review focuses on the use of zebrafish as a potential alternative model and its advantages over other animal models for conducting biomedical research on various human disease conditions.

Introduction: Maximum number of fractures often result from high-energy wounds like car accidents in young and mainly often from falls in elderly populations. Locking plates are fracture fixation expedients with threaded screw holes, in which screws allow to strand to the plate and work as a fixed-angle convenience. The study aims to investigate the outcome of locking compression plates in comminuted femoral diaphyseal fractures. Methods: An experimental clinical trial was carried out in the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU), Dhaka, Bangladesh from July 2010 to June 2012. A total number of 9 patients (N=9) following purposive sampling were enrolled in this study. Data were collected using the predesigned semi-structured questionnaire. Verbal consent was taken before recruiting the study population. Completed data forms were reviewed, edited, and processed for computer data entry. The data analysis was performed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) Version 16.0.0. Result: Among the study population (N=9), most of the patients (3,33.3%) were between 20-29 years old, and two patients (2, 22.2) were 60 to69 years old with a mean age of 42.7 years old. Around two-thirds of the study population (6,66.7%) were male. The majority of the study population (6,66.7%) caused the injury due to a motor vehicle accident, one patient (1,11.1%) got injured due to falling from a height, four patients (4,44.4%) right side was involved & left side was involved in rest of the patients (5,55.6%), upper tibial skeletal traction treatment was done in six patients (6,66.7%) previously & kabiraji treatment was done in three patients (3,33.3%) respectively. Based on the outcome after six months, the result was excellent, good in four patients (4,44.4%) and fair in one patient (1,11.1%). Conclusion: Femoral shaft fractures are a common orthopaedic injury causing severe trauma in the ageing population. Femoral shaft fractures are often related to other co-morbidities necessitating life support valuation. Among the numerous treatment measures, locking plate and intramedullary nailing are suitable with outstanding ........

Introduction: Erythrocyte fetomaternal incompatibility is defined by the binding of erythrocyte alloantibodies of a pregnant woman to fetal antigens, inherited from the father. Alloantibodies are produced by the immune system after prior contact with these same antigens during transfusion, transplant or previous pregnancy. In Morocco, data concerning fetomaternal incompatibilities are insufficient despite the severe cases of hemolytic disease in newborns recorded. Our aim is to determine the prevalence of anti-erythrocytes alloimmunizations in Moroccan pregnant women as well as the frequencies of alloantibody specificities. Patients and Methods: A population of parturients with no obstetrical history was randomly recruited to the Blood Bank of Kenitra. A second population was formed by pregnant women referred to the Regional Blood Transfusion Center of Rabat for reasons of obstetrical and/or immunohaematological history. The tests were carried out using the gel cards and 2 panels of 11 red blood cells. Antibody titration was performed by indirect Coombs technique. Results: Immunohematological tests and analysis of clinical-biological data made it possible to detect and confirm alloimmunization in 16 RhD negative and positive women. The prevalence of alloimmunization in RhD negative women is 2.46 % and the prevalence of alloimmunization in both RhD-/+ parturients was 1,06 %. In parturients with an obstetric history, the frequencies of alloantibodies are respectively 35.48% (11/31) and 100% (3/3) directed against 7 antigenic specificities: D, C, E, c, e, Jka and s. None of the parturients had received timely anti-D prophylaxis or prenatal RhD genotyping. Conclusion: The discussion of our results highlights the problem of the management of pregnant women at risk of alloimmunization, putting Morocco in front of a challenge of setting up a health policy, including above all the training of health professionals and the accessibility at the national level to the biological examinations necessary for the follow-up of the pregnant women to reduce the prevalence of the HDFN.

Objective: Metal based nanomaterials has been implicated in the treatment and healing of antibiotic – resistant bacteria infected wounds such as found in patients with tuberculosis, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and diabetes. Current research investigates the wound healing potentiation of green synthesized silver nanoparticles in the presence of Gentamicin in Wistar rats. Methods: The reaction of phytochemical extracts of Anonna muricata and aqueous solution of silver nitrate afforded the silver nanoparticles used in this study. The silver nanoparticles produced were subsequently characterized using advanced spectroscopic techniques including; Transmission electron microscopy, Ultra-violet visible spectroscopy and Photon correlation spectroscopy (DLS). Adult Wistar rats were divided into five (5) groups of three rats each. Excision wound (3.0 mm diameter) were made on the dorsal part of each rat under anesthesia. Topical application of various test formulation were administered on the excision wound twice daily and wound healing parameters such as % wound contraction, re-epithelialization time and scare formation were monitored over a period of 12 days . Group 1 received simple ointment base, group 2 received 0.01 % w/w penicillin in ointment base, group 3 received 0.01 %w/w gentamicin in ointment base only, group 4 received 1.0 % w/w silver nanoparticles in ointment base, while group 5 received a combination of 1.0 % w/w silver nanoparticles and 0.01 % w/w gentamicin. Results: The mean particle size of the bio-synthesized silver nanoparticle were found to be 24 ± 1.0 nm. There are observed synergy in wound healing effect amongst the combination of silver nanoparticles and gentamicin after 12 days with respect to the % wound contraction, re-epithelialization time and scare formation when compared to single formulation and controls. Conclusion: Improved wound healing could be achieved using nanotechnology.