Man has always sought to understand his own place with the scheme of creation and purpose of life itself. Al- Quran the main source of guidance and faith is a book for all mankind. It is a book with complete code of life and instruction for all mankind and is last and final revelation of God. To attribute the presence of scientific facts in the Quran is to coincidence would be again common sense and a true scientific approach. The scientific origin of Quran clearly proves its Divine origin. It is fact that no human being could have produced a book fourteen hundred years ago, that would contain scientific facts to be discovered and observed by mankind centuries later.

Downward Longwave Radiation (DLR) plays a crucial role in sustaining the temperature of the Earth’s surface and is vital for maintaining the planet’s energy equilibrium. In this study, eight different emissivity equations were utilized to estimate DLR models and to investigate which is more suitable for evaluating DLR in Ikeja, when statistically tested using five validation indices of Mean Bias Error (MBE), Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), Mean Percentage Error (MPE), t-statistic and Index of Agreement (IA). The impact of some meteorological parameters on DLR was investigated. The data used were obtained from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) for a period of 39 years (1984 to 2022), the meteorological parameters are monthly average temperature, relative humidity (RH), DLR and Global Solar Radiation (GSR). Findings indicated that Ikeja recorded its highest value of DLR in April with 425.6915 Wm-2, and its lowest value was in January with 406.2774 Wm-2. The Kruk et al. model was found more accurate for evaluating DLR in Ikeja, indicating that in the absence of measured DLR data, Kruk et al. model is highly recommended for estimating DLR in Ikeja. As the temperature is low during the rainy season, the DLR is high and as the temperature is high during the dry season, the DLR is low. The DLR and RH are high during the rainy season and low during the dry season. The average DLR and GSR values obtained were found to be 418.1707 Wm-2 and 195.5164 Wm-2 respectively, this indicate that the DLR values are twice as much as the GSR during the period under investigation.

The formulation of advanced metalworking fluids (MWFs) relies heavily on the precise selection and integration of organic friction modifiers to optimize the tribological performance of machining operations. This paper investigates the complex structure-property relationships governing organic friction modifiers, focusing on their chemical architecture and subsequent boundary film formation across diverse metallurgical substrates. By synthesizing insights from experimental tribology and advanced data-driven modeling techniques, this study proposes a comprehensive, hypothetical framework designed to evaluate and predict the frictional behavior of various fluid formulations on distinct metal surfaces. The structural components of the modifiers, notably their polar anchoring groups and non-polar aliphatic chains, are analyzed in the context of their competitive adsorption and reaction dynamics. Ultimately, this research bridges the gap between empirical friction studies and autonomous, machine-learning-driven materials discovery, offering a predictive methodology to tailor MWFs for specific ferrous and non-ferrous applications while mitigating traditional trial-and-error bottlenecks.

Despite the punishment meted on rape offenders and the creation of sexual offenders’ register in some states of the federation in Nigeria, most accused persons damn the consequences of their actions by continuously committing the offence with impunity without considering the deleterious effect of their sinister action on their victims, and the society at large. Rape is the most serious sexual offence that is characterised with unpleasant experiences such as stigmatisation, anxiety, unwanted pregnancies, sexually transmitted disease, trauma, depression and even death. This study examined the concept of rape, factors responsible for the offence of rape in Nigeria, legal framework on rape in Nigeria and alternatives punishment for rape offenders. This study found that castration is the most appropriate punishment that deters the offender and the public from engaging in the heinous crime called rape. The study adopted doctrinal research methodology, it was descriptive and analytical in nature. It relied on primary sources of data such as statutes, case law, conventions and secondary sources of data such as textbooks, articles in journals, periodicals, online materials among others. The study concluded that rape has done no good to the victims and society and there is a need to frantically tackle same in Nigeria by finding effective solution that would serve as effective deterrence to future offenders. The study recommended castration as alternative punishment to life imprisonment for rape offenders in Nigeria.

Kebbi state is a region in Northern Nigeria blessed with reasonable resources potentials of both solar and wind energy, but faced with lot of crises of energy supply and distributions due to improper distribution network as results of systems collapse and inadequate utilization of the renewable energy resources such as wind and Solar. This study assesses wind and solar resources in three selected locations of Kebbi state (Argungu, Jega, and Yauri) from the three different senatorial districts across the state using NASA POWER data from 2000 to 2022 and the HOMER optimisation tool, a hybrid renewable system was created for a rural community. The goal was to keep the Net Present Cost (NPC) and Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE) as low as possible while keeping the capacity deficit below 1%. The solar resource assessment shows a lot of promise. The average global horizontal irradiance ranges from 4.80 to 5.68 kWh/m²/day in Yauri and from 5.30 to 5.88 kWh/m2/day in Argungu and Jega 5.30 to 5.88 kWh/m²/day in Argungu and Jega. The wind resources are not too good, average speeds at 50 m height are between 2.83 and 3.17 m/s for all the selected locations. The results of the optimisation show that a PV-battery-converter hybrid system being the best option for all the selected locations. Wind turbines aren’t the best because they don’t work well in low wind speeds. The study revealed that solar PV-battery systems are a technically feasible and cost-effective way to deploy electricity to rural areas in Kebbi State. This gives policymakers and investors a data-driven way to use decentralized renewable energy as compliment to the national grid.

The accelerating depletion of fossil fuel reserves, increasing anthropogenic carbon emissions, and growing industrial demand for sustainable chemical manufacturing have intensified global efforts toward the development of highly efficient catalytic systems and renewable energy technologies. Conventional catalytic materials frequently suffer from poor atom utilization efficiency, limited active-site accessibility, catalyst deactivation, and inadequate long-term stability under harsh operational environments, thereby restricting their applicability in environmentally benign synthesis and advanced energy conversion systems. In this context, functional nanomaterials have emerged as transformative catalytic platforms owing to their tunable electronic structures, exceptionally high surface-to-volume ratios, quantum confinement effects, defect-rich architectures, and synergistic interfacial properties. These unique physicochemical characteristics enable superior catalytic activity, enhanced selectivity, accelerated charge-transfer kinetics, and minimized energy consumption in diverse green synthetic processes and sustainable energy applications. Recent advances in nanostructured catalysts, including heteroatom-doped carbon frameworks, metal-organic frameworks, single-atom catalysts, plasmonic nanostructures, layered transition-metal dichalcogenides, perovskite-derived composites, and hybrid semiconductor interfaces, have significantly improved atom economy and reaction efficiency in photocatalytic, electrocatalytic, and thermocatalytic transformations. Furthermore, the integration of multifunctional nanocatalysts into hydrogen evolution systems, oxygen reduction reactions, carbon dioxide reduction technologies, fuel cells, metal-air batteries, supercapacitors, and next-generation solar energy devices has opened new pathways toward carbon-neutral energy infrastructures (Faazal et al., 2023). Emerging fabrication strategies involving defect engineering, surface functionalization, hierarchical nanoarchitectures, and machine-learning-assisted catalyst design are further accelerating the discovery of highly durable and scalable catalytic materials. This review highlights the novelty of integrating multifunctional nanocatalysts with sustainable energy technologies through atom-efficient reaction engineering and environmentally compatible synthesis pathways. Particular emphasis is placed on the structure–property–performance relationships governing catalytic efficiency and energy-device integration. This article aims to critically analyze recent progress, unresolved scientific challenges, and future opportunities associated with functional nanomaterials for sustainable catalytic chemistry and advanced clean-energy systems.

Background/Introduction: Postoperative recurrence of Crohn's disease is frequent despite therapeutic advances. Early ileocolonoscopy, evaluated using the Rutgeerts score, is the reference standard for detecting endoscopic recurrence, which strongly correlates with the risk of clinical relapse [1]. Materials and Methods: This retrospective study included patients with Crohn's disease followed up between 2012 and 2025 who underwent an ileocecal or ileocolonic resection. Endoscopic recurrence was defined as a Rutgeerts score ≥ i2 during an ileocolonoscopy performed between 6 and 12 months postoperatively [1,2]. Results: Endoscopic recurrence was observed exclusively in patients who did not receive postoperative prophylactic treatment. No cases of recurrence were observed in patients treated with azathioprine or infliximab. Conclusion: The absence of postoperative prophylactic treatment appears to be a major risk factor for early endoscopic recurrence [2–4].