Simulation-Based Learning (SBL) has become an essential component of modern nursing education, offering learners realistic and risk-free⁠ environments to practice essential clinical and decision-making skills. With the increasing complexity of healthcare systems and the growing emphasis on patient safety, nursing edu⁠cators are seeking innovative methods that effective⁠ly prepare students for real-world clinical challeng⁠es. Traditional Clinical Experience (TC⁠E), while historically the cornerstone of nursing training, presents several ch⁠allen⁠ges inclu⁠di⁠ng inconsistent patient exposure, ethical conc⁠erns, and variability in supervision. As a res⁠ult, educators have turned to SBL as a structured, e⁠videnc⁠e-⁠based approach that enhances clinical competence, self-efficacy, an⁠d professional readiness. The obje⁠ctive of this system⁠atic review was to critically evaluate and synthesize exist⁠ing rese⁠arch comparing simulation-based learning and traditional clinical experiences in improving nursing staff competencies. The review followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines and the⁠ seven stages of knowledge synthesis in nursing science: form⁠ulating the research question, developing a data protocol, implementi⁠ng a ri⁠gorous search strategy, appraising study quality, extractin⁠g data, synthesizing evidence, and interpreting f⁠indings. Ele⁠ctronic databases PubMed, Scopus, CINAHL, MEDLINE, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library were searched for⁠ studies publi⁠shed between 2010 and 2024. Fifteen studies met the inclusion criteri⁠a, encompassing a total of 1,676 participants. Results demonstrated that SBL produced superior⁠ or equivalent outcomes compared with TCE ac⁠ross the cognitive, affective⁠, and psychomotor domains. Specifically, simulation significantly improved students’ self-efficacy, confidenc⁠e, clinical judgment, and procedur⁠al accuracy. Quantitative synthesis revealed large e⁠ffect sizes favo⁠ring SBL for self-efficacy (SMD = 1.93), clinical perfo⁠rmance (SMD = 1.62), and confidence (SMD =⁠ 1.83). Additionally, qualitative finding⁠s highlighted that simulation enhanced learner engagement, reflective thinking, and perceived readiness for clinical practice. However, challenges related to cost, faculty training, and standa⁠r⁠dization of simulation protocols remain pers⁠istent barriers to w⁠idespread implementation. T⁠hi⁠s review concludes⁠ that sim⁠ulation⁠-based learning represents a pedagogically sound, effective, and safe educational strategy that bridges the longstanding gap between theory and practice in nursing education. It⁠s structured and controlled learning envi⁠ronment fosters meas⁠urable improvements in knowledge, skill performance,⁠ and confidence amo⁠ng nursi⁠ng students. Nevertheless, ongoing research is needed to establish standardized evaluation tools, assess lon⁠g-term outcomes, and ensur⁠e cost-effective scalability. The findings support the integration of simulation-based learning as a core com⁠ponent of nursing curricula, compleme⁠nting traditi⁠onal clinical exp⁠eriences to produce compet⁠ent, confident,⁠ a⁠nd patient-centered nursing professionals.

This article examines how disability and gender intersect in contemporary Malayalam crime fiction through Sreeparvathy’s Violet Pookkalude Maranam (2021), which introduces Aleena Ben John, a wheelchair-using woman, as its central detective. The study situates Sreeparvathy’s work within Kerala’s evolving literary landscape, where disability has rarely occupied a central position in fiction and is often represented through metaphors of dependence, tragedy, or moral burden. Drawing on Fiona Kumari Campbell’s theory of ableism and key insights from Feminist Disability Studies, the article analyses how Aleena’s narrative oscillates between empowerment and internalised shame. While her role as a detective appears to challenge patriarchal and ableist frameworks, her self-perception and limited social agency reveal deep-seated cultural anxieties about the disabled female body. Through a close reading of the novel’s narrative structure and psychological interiority, the article argues that Violet Pookkalude Maranam both expands and constrains the possibilities of representing disabled womanhood in Malayalam literature. By exploring disability not as metaphor but as lived experience, this study contributes to understanding how gendered embodiment and genre conventions shape the politics of visibility and agency in Kerala’s popular fiction.

Background: Accurate preoperative assessment of surgicopathological factors is essential for optimal management of early cervical cancer. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is widely used for preoperative staging, but its diagnostic accuracy varies across key pathological predictors. This study aimed to evaluate the sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values of MRI in determining surgicopathological factors in early-stage cervical cancer using histopathology as the gold standard. Methods: This prospective cross-sectional study was conducted at the Gynecological Oncology Unit of Dhaka Medical College Hospital from June 2021 to May 2022. Fifty histologically confirmed early-stage cervical cancer patients undergoing primary radical hysterectomy with pelvic lymph node dissection were included. Preoperative MRI assessed tumor size, vaginal extension, parametrial involvement, lymph node metastasis, deep stromal invasion, and corpus extension. MRI findings were compared with clinical examination and final histopathology. Diagnostic accuracy parameters were calculated. Results: Clinically, 94% of tumors were <4 cm, and 14% showed vaginal involvement. MRI demonstrated high accuracy for tumor size assessment with sensitivity 97.87%, specificity 100%, and overall accuracy 98%. For vaginal extension, MRI showed sensitivity 71.43% and specificity 100% with accuracy 96%. MRI detected lymph node metastasis with sensitivity 60%, specificity 91.11%, and accuracy 88%. Deep stromal invasion was identified with 72.41% sensitivity and 71.43% specificity. Corpus extension demonstrated sensitivity 55.56%, specificity 93.75%, and accuracy 80%. Conclusion: MRI is a highly sensitive and specific modality for preoperative evaluation of key surgicopathological factors in early cervical cancer. Its strong concordance with histopathology supports its essential role in guiding surgical planning and staging.

Introduction : Prostate cancer is the most common cancer in men over 65. Depression is frequent in this population but remains underdiagnosed, particularly due to atypical clinical presentations, confusion with treatment side effects, and sociocultural perceptions that trivialize the psychological distress of older adults. The objective of this study was to describe the obstacles to screening for depression in older patients treated for prostate cancer, analyze professional perceptions, and identify potential improvements to the care pathway. Methods : A qualitative study incorporating a clinical case of severe depression in a 76-year-old man treated with hormone therapy for prostate cancer, and semi-structured interviews conducted with a university hospital geriatrician and a geriatric psychiatrist. Results: Psychological vulnerability is increased by the cancer diagnosis, the loss of virility associated with treatment, geriatric frailty, and social isolation. Screening practices remain inconsistent: geriatricians used standardized tools, while psychiatrists intervened after the disorder had already developed. Identified obstacles included confusion between depressive symptoms and side effects, persistent taboos surrounding psychiatry, a lack of interdisciplinary coordination, and the absence of institutional protocols. Professionals agreed on the need for a structured screening protocol, targeted training, and interdisciplinary collaboration. Analysis of the literature and professional guidelines reinforced the need to implement a proactive screening approach, particularly at the initiation of hormone therapy. Conclusion : This study highlighted the need for a preventive and integrative approach to identify depression early in this high-risk population. Systematizing screening, adapting tools to the cultural context, and fostering collaboration among professionals working with older adults are essential to improving their quality of life and preventing suicidal complications.

The international criminal law is a rich and varied subject bearing upon most of the great issues facing individual and international community. The paper aims at examining the role of international criminal court (ICC) in combatting crime against humanity and genocide. The study is designed to assess the parts played by the international criminal court in combating crime against humanity and genocides as well as challenges face by the international criminal court. To achieve this objective, we make use of primary and secondary method of data collection and analysis. Our findings revealed that, the international criminal court is not effective in combatting genocide and crime against humanity due to numerous challenges. Against this backdrop, we therefore, recommend among others that, all nations should subscribe to the ICC Statute and extend their whole-hearted support for the prosecution and related activities of the ICC especially joint investigation to establish evidence of genocides and crimes against humanity as well as diplomatic channels to deter and respond to emerging threats of genocide and crime against humanity. This and others will go a long way in curtailing the weakness of the international criminal court in combating genocide and crime against humanity.

Rapid urbanisation in Enugu Metropolis has increasingly altered natural hydrological processes, raising concerns about groundwater sustainability and aquifer vulnerability. This study assessed the impact of urban expansion on groundwater recharge and evaluated the susceptibility of the underlying aquifers to contamination. An integrated approach involving hydrogeological field measurements, laboratory analyses, geospatial land-use assessment, and DRASTIC vulnerability modelling was employed. Land-use/land-cover analysis showed that built-up areas expanded from 18% in 2000 to 52% in 2024, while vegetation cover declined by 31%, indicating significant surface sealing. Groundwater level measurements revealed depths ranging from 9.4 to 28.7 m, with reduced recharge in densely urbanised zones. Estimated recharge decreased from 142–170 mm/year in 2000 to 68–110 mm/year in 2024, representing a 39–52% decline. Hydrogeological analysis showed moderately productive sandstone aquifers with hydraulic conductivity of 1.4 × 10⁻⁴ to 6.2 × 10⁻⁴ m/s and transmissivity values of 15.8–64.3 m²/day. Groundwater quality showed slightly acidic pH (5.2–6.8) and elevated nitrate concentrations (up to 64 mg/L), indicating anthropogenic influence. The DRASTIC model classified 35% of the metropolis as highly vulnerable, 49% moderately vulnerable, and 16% of low vulnerability, with high-risk zones concentrated in Abakpa Nike, Ogui, Emene, Uwani, and Trans-Ekulu. The study concludes that rapid urbanisation has significantly reduced groundwater recharge and heightened aquifer vulnerability in Enugu Metropolis. It recommends improved urban planning, protection of recharge zones, enhanced waste management, and establishment of a groundwater monitoring network to ensure long-term water resource sustainability.

Ta-Khoushaba is a traditional spear technique that forms a significant part of the Thang-Ta martial art of Manipur, originating during the reign of King Khagemba (1597-1654), it evolved from the sacred practice of Thengou to make exercises accessible to the general people. Ta-Khoushaba comprises a series of systematic movements and sequences performed with a spear, symbolizing both physical discipline and spiritual realization. It is classified into various types based on regional and stylistic variations as developed by Gurus. Each sequence, ranging from salutation to symbolic combat action embodies deeper philosophical meanings related to self-control, awareness, and moral development. Beyond its cultural and spiritual dimensions, Ta-Khoushaba enhances lower limb strength, coordination, and cardiovascular endurance, offering significant benefits for physical education and sports science. Future research can focus on its physiological, psychological, and biomechanical impacts, positioning Ta-Khoushaba as a bridge between traditional martial arts and holistic human development.