Karate has gained popularity as an effective self-defence technique, offering numerous physical and psychological benefits for women. While its impacts on these domains are well-documented, there is limited research on its influence in social domains. The present study aimed to explore the leadership preferences of self-defence-trained women. To accomplish the above objectives, the present study included a total of 186 female college students aged 18 to 22 years, comprised of 92 karate-trained and 94 untrained participants. The karate-trained group regularly practice karate, while the untrained group had no martial arts or other training experience. Leadership preferences were evaluated using the Leadership Preference Scale. To observe the effect of karate program on leadership preferences, the karate group was compared by using an Independent t-test with untrained participants of the same characteristics. The results showed that most participants (approximately 80%) preferred moderate to above-average democratic leadership levels. Karate-trained women averagely preferred above-average democratic leadership, while untrained women leaned toward moderate levels. A notable difference emerged between the groups (p = 0.04), with karate-trained women showing a greater preference for democratic leadership style. The study concluded that self-defence training significantly impacts women’s leadership preferences by promoting the democratic style, which may promote essential social qualities such as mentorship, teamwork, effective group interactions, etc.

Background: Chlamydia trachomatis is a prevalent sexually transmitted bacterium that significantly impacts reproductive health, especially in women. Its infection rate is notably higher than gonorrhea, with over 1.6 million cases reported in 2021. Often asymptomatic, it can lead to severe complications like tubal damage, infertility, and ectopic pregnancy. Aim of the study: The study aims to identify the risk factors for ectopic pregnancy and explore the potential association between serological evidence of Chlamydia infection with ectopic pregnancy. Methods: This prospective case-control study analyzed Chlamydia trachomatis infection associated with tubal ectopic pregnancy at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Community Based Medical College Hospital Bangladesh (CBMCB) from January 2024 to December 2024. Ninety-six participants were equally divided into case (N=48) and control (N=48) groups. The case group included women diagnosed with tubal ectopic pregnancy, confirmed histopathologically, while the control group consisted of women with uncomplicated second-trimester pregnancies. Serological assays measured Chlamydia IgG antibodies using BIOS Chlamydia T. IgG ELISA kits. Data were analyzed with SPSS software. Result: The age distribution showed significant differences, with more participants aged 20–24 in the control group (50%) than in the case group (29.17%) and more aged 25–34 in the case group (52.08%) than in the control group (27.63%). Marital status was also significant, with all control group participants married and 12.5% of the case group single. The case group had higher IgG titers and chlamydial antibodies. Significant differences were found in parity, history of ectopic pregnancy, PID, and infertility, with higher rates in the case group. No significant differences were found in occupation, residence, smoking, or other factors. Conclusion: This study found a significant association between Chlamydia trachomatis infection and increased risk of tubal ectopic pregnancy. Women with ectopic pregnancies had higher Chlamydia IgG titers. The findings highlight the importance of early screening and treatment of chlamydial infections to prevent complications like pelvic inflammatory disease and tubal damage.

In upholding the principle of consumerism, which illustrates the desire to protect or promote the interest of consumers, there is the likelihood that within standard form contracts, the consumer is at a weaker position in terms of bargaining strength and prospects of safeguarding their rights under such contracts. Standard agreements are generally considered to be contracts of adhesion where one party drafts the entire contract and the other party merely accepts or confirms what has been arrived at by the other party. Thus, the aim of this paper is to show how the rights of consumers are sometimes violated with the prevalence of standard form contracts/standard agreements. In achieving the said objective, the content analysis approach was adopted. Our findings reveal that consumers are sometimes at risk when concluding standard agreements with sellers or service providers, since they are hardly conversant with the terms of the contract and given that they have little or no means to make propositions therein before accepting. This gives a lee-way for some authors of such contracts to defraud consumers through the use of excluding and limiting terms. This is mostly compounded by the fact that there is often little or no time given to consumers to acquaint themselves with the terms before contracting. It is therefore submitted inter alia that consumers should be given the latitude or reasonable time to properly read through or get conversant with the terms of these agreements before expressing consent to them.

English language instruction for deaf children presents unique challenges, particularly when mainstream curricula are adopted. Under the influence of several theories discussing the importance of effectiveness in pedagogy in general such as the Theories of Effective Teaching (Schmoker, 2006), the Four Pillars of Effective Teaching theory for (Hattie, 2009), as well as the Constructivist Teaching Theory (Piaget, Vygotsky), this study encompasses investigating the effectiveness of such pedagogical approaches conducted in six government schools in the Dhofar region of the Sultanate of Oman. In particular, the research aims to explore the English teachers’ perceptions in six government schools implementing the inclusive education program involving key aspects such as teaching methodologies, classroom activities, and the quality of course materials, alongside identifying additional support needed to enhance English language learning for deaf students. Data were collected through interviews with six teachers as well as analysis of their teaching diaries. The qualitative data were thematically analyzed. Findings from the data revealed that while the pedagogy used in teaching English to deaf children is generally acceptable, several areas in the pedagogy require improvement. Specifically, the study highlights the need for increased motivation for deaf students, the development of a specialized curriculum, a review of syllabus topics, targeted teacher training, and the enhancement of teaching devices for deaf learners. The study concludes that addressing these issues is crucial for improving English language instruction for deaf students in Oman.

The study was conducted to investigate the geotechnical properties of soils at settlements of bridges approach slabs in Kaduna State, Nigeria. Five soil samples were collected from bridge settlement sites within Zaria and Kaduna Metropolis of Kaduna State, and were designated as KDM-A, KDM-B, KDM-C, KDM-D, KDZAR-A, and KDZAR-B. The index properties of the soils were determined, and tests conducted on the soil samples were in- situ dry density, dynamic cone penetration test, California bearing ratio, unconfined compressive strength, vane shear test, direct shear test, and consolidation test in accordance with British Standard (BS) and American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) standards. Results from the findings showed that the soils at KDM-A, KDM-B, KDM-C, KDM-D, KDZAR-A, and KDZAR-B were classified as A-2-6(2), A-6(4), A-6(3), A-2-6(1), A-2-6(2), and A-2-6(3) respectively, having OMC and MDD values ranging from 9.1 to 16.4% to 1.66 – 2.29 mg/m³ respectively. More results showed that KDM-A had the highest CBR at 0 – 150mm, and 151 – 300mm depth of 20 and 24 % respectively, whereas KDZAR-B had the highest CBR value of 20 % at >300mm depth for dry soil samples, while KDM-A and KDM-D sites had the highest soaked CBR values. Furthermore, KDM-A had the highest shear strength of 130kPa, and 7, 14, 28 days UCS at various compaction efforts, while KDM-B had the highest cohesion value of 16, 17, and 19 kPa, and lower angle on internal friction for BSL, WASC, and BSH compaction efforts. Finally, KDM-B has a soil settlement of 0.903 mm followed by KDM-A with settlement of 1.003 mm, indicating that these soil samples has better geotechnical properties compared to others.

In recent years, multi-dimensional English reading-writing teaching activities have received increasing attention from scholars and teachers at home and abroad. As a kind of visual thinking and cognitive tool, mind mapping is also a training method for divergent thinking. However, mind mapping in traditional junior middle school English teaching is mainly applied to a certain lesson and is taught separately, which is not conducive to students to grasp a distinct text structure and form a comprehensive knowledge hierarchy. Based on the input and output theory of second language acquisition, schema theory and knowledge visualization theory, this article tries to incorporate mind mapping with English reading and writing teaching. This research takes Reading and Integrated Skills from the reading materials of Yilin Press for grade-eights as examples, and was carried out for 6 weeks. The subjects of the investigation were 66 students from two regular classes in the eighth grade, of which the control class adopted the traditional teaching method while the experimental class employed the mode of combining reading and writing based on mind mapping. After the test, questionnaires and random interviews were conducted accordingly and the data were analyzed by SPSSAU software. Through the practice of integrating mind mapping with English reading and writing teaching, the multi-dimensional linkage between mind mapping and English reading-writing teaching can advance the shift from extensive reading to intensive writing, enhances integrated linguistic skills for students and provides some insights and suggestions for junior middle school English teaching.

Land use and cropping pattern is an important aspect of any economy studies particularly relevant to terai region. Given the fixed amount of land available on the earth and the simultaneous increases in population and the pressure on land has been increasing extremely that’s why the leads to change in land use and cropping pattern. In the last few decades, changing market conditions as well as policy environments and climate variability has reshaped land use patterns in Pilibhit. However, there has been a transition from traditional subsistence to more market-dependent and diversified cropping systems due to these changes. The analysis finds principal forces of change behind these trends, such as cash crop subsidies from government, and enhanced irrigation systems, as well as the increasing power of mechanization and agricultural innovation. At the same time, these changes have also presented opportunities as well as problems for small and marginal farmers, who are normally disadvantaged in switching to other crop options by their limited resources and fragmented landholdings. These changes have significant socio-economic effects, including income variability, employment and food security. It also reports the environmental implications of increased farming practices, including soil degradation and water depletion. Based on interviews, and secondary data, the study analyses the implications of these changes on the sustainability of agricultural practices in Pilibhit.