The review focused on recent patents between 2018 and 2023 that concern the use of green solvents that are relevant to the development of bio-based solvents, ionic liquids, deep eutectic solvents and supercritical fluids. It draws on data from global databases to identify progress toward sustainability, safety and industrial efficiency with reduced environmental impacts. The patents are categorized according to their type, applications and innovation, thereby highlighting emerging trends, research gaps and the role of intellectual property in driving sustainable chemistry solutions. Essentially, among other principles of green chemistry and circular economy, they are identified on the basis of their low toxic effects, biodegradability and renewable sourcing. These green solvents, however, are greener alternatives to more conventional petrochemical-based solvents in pharmaceutical, agrochemical, cosmetic, and other applications. A number of recent patents on chemical synthesis, extraction, and cleaning technologies highlight the environmental and industrial advantages of green solvents. This will consist of activity-specific ionic liquids, scalable bio-derived solvents and extremely efficient solvent recovery systems for improving the efficiency and sustainability of chemical processes. Despite challenges like cost, scalability and performance limitations, patents demonstrate opportunities to improve synthesis methods, develop multifunctional applications, and integrate green solvents into existing industrial systems. This review emphasizes the transformative potential of green solvents in fostering environmental sustainability and supporting a circular economy. Green solvents are helping reshape industrial practices and reduce toxic petrochemical solvent reliance while addressing global environmental and regulatory challenges.

This study examines the feasibility of utilizing atmospheric air as a clean water alternative to address water scarcity, considering Oman's normal humidity levels of 75% to 85%. The study utilizes a thermoelectric cooler (TEC 1-12706), augmented by a heatsink and fan on its hot side to improve heat dissipation. A copper cooling coil functions as both a heat absorber and a condenser for ambient air flowing through it. The coil, with a diameter of 7.9 mm and a length of 1000 mm, receives its cooling source from a water block affixed to the cold side of the cooler. Experiments were performed in three environmental conditions: laboratory, residential area, and coastal area, with variations in the airflow rate of the heatsink cooling fan. The data collection encompassed a humidity range of 72.27% to 83.01%. The findings indicated a clear association between the air mass flow rate of the heatsink cooling fan and the volume of water extractable from the air. During preliminary laboratory testing, a mass flow rate of 0.046 kg/s yielded 4.25 ml/hour, 0.069 kg/s resulted in 4.625 ml/hour, and 0.092 kg/s produced 5.5 ml/hour. Moreover, among the three environmental settings evaluated, a greater volume of water may be retrieved from coastal regions compared to labs and residential areas. In coastal regions, the air mass flow rate is 0.092 kg/s, with a potential water extraction of 7.75 ml/hour; in laboratory settings, it is 5.5 ml/hour, and in residential zones, it is 4.75 ml/hour. These encouraging results advocate additional research to enhance water extraction by optimizing the contact area between the air cooler and the coil surface, potentially providing a feasible solution for the scarcity of clean water.

Aim: The aim of this study to identify the different histopathological pattern of neoplastic lesions in nephrectomy specimens. Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective record analysis done over a period of three years (January 2021 to December 2023). All nephrectomy specimens with a diagnosis of renal tumor received in the Department of Histopathology, National Institute of Kidney Diseases and Urology, Dhaka were recorded from histopathology registers and analyzed for pattern and grading of renal tumors. Results: A total of 230 renal tumors were studied. Of the 230 renal tumors encountered during the study period, 205 cases (89.13%) were diagnosed as malignant tumors and 25 cases (10.87%) as benign tumors. There were 151 male and 79 were female cases (male-Female ratio 1.91:1) and Mean age 62 years. Renal tumors occurred most commonly in 6th and 7th decades and least in 2nd decade. In our study, mean age of patients with benign tumors was 52 years and that for patients with malignant tumors was 64 years. Renal cell carcinoma was the commonest tumor 170 (73.91%) followed by Wilm’s tumor 18 (7.83%) followed by transitional cell carcinoma 06 (2.61%). Neuroblastoma and sarcomatoid renal cell carcinoma showed in 5 (2.17%) and 4 (1.74%) cases respectively. The most frequent subtype of RCC were clear cell carcinoma 135 (79.41%) followed by papillary renal cell carcinoma 17 (10%). Relatively serious collecting duct carcinoma and most serious renal medullary carcinoma were found in 06 (3.53%) and 04 (2.35%) cases respectively. A total of 152 cases of clear cell renal cell carcinoma and papillary renal cell carcinoma which were graded 1–3 based on nucleolar prominence, whereas grade 4 was defined by the presence of tumor cells with sarcomatoid and/or rhabdoid morphology and/or tumors containing tumor giant cells or showing extreme nuclear pleomorphism. Most frequent grade in this study group was grade-2 (53.29%) followed by grade-3 (33.35%) where the least frequent grade was grade-4 which is most dangerous. Conclusions: This retrospective study showed distribution and grading of renal tumors in the nephrectomy specimens performed at our institution. The results obtained from our study were comparable with available data from other countries.

Fibrous polyp: it is a fibroid, endocavitary, pedunculated and delivered through the uterine cervix with a pedicle arising from the uterine fundus or one of the walls of the uterine cavity. Their treatment is surgical and requires skill and a suitable technical platform. To our knowledge, no cases have been published in Mali. We report a fibrous polyp occurring in a 41-year-old patient, multi-gesture 5th procedure 5th parous with 5 living children, evacuated from a community health center located 60 km away, who presented episodes of metrorrhagia. The gynecological examination shows the presence of a “fibroid” delivered through the cervix. She was surgically managed vaginally for lumpectomy. It was a mass composed histologically of uterine leiomyofibroma remodeled by inflammation.

This study offers a new model (a five by four matrix) to analyze an imaginary left-right division Israel. By analyzing the historical evolution of the Zionist ideology to four core issues (territory, religion, economy, and the attitude towards non-Jews), the main findings are that there is no real difference between them in any of the issues. In practice, they also behaved similarly, almost identically, in each of these issues. The main conclusion of the article is that in Israel there exists an imaginary rift between the right and the left that serves political parties and produces a social rift.

Background: Preterm Premature Rupture of Membranes (PPROM) is a significant obstetric complication associated with adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes. Identifying early hematological markers could aid in risk prediction and preventive strategies. This study investigates the association between Mean Platelet Volume (MPV) and Platelet Count (PC) measured at 11–13 weeks of gestation with the risk of PPROM. Methods: This prospective cohort study was conducted at the Department of Fetomaternal Medicine and Obstetrics and Gynecology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU), from September 2022 to August 2023 included 73 pregnant women who underwent MPV and PC measurement at 11–13 weeks of gestation. Participants were monitored until delivery for PPROM occurrence. Diagnostic efficacy was assessed using Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve analysis, and risk estimation was performed using relative risk (RR) calculations. Results: PPROM occurred in 9 out of 73 participants (12.3%). A significantly lower MPV (≤8.0 fL) was observed in 77.8% of PPROM cases compared to 6.3% in the non-PPROM group (p<0.001), with a relative risk (RR) of 19.73. The combination of high PC (≥294,000/cu.mm) and low MPV (≤8.0 fL) was present in 44.4% of PPROM cases versus 4.7% in the non-PPROM group (p=0.003), with an RR of 7.54. ROC analysis showed that MPV had an AUC of 0.856, with 77.8% sensitivity, 93.8% specificity, 98.9% positive predictive value (PPV), and 37.2% negative predictive value (NPV), indicating a stronger predictive value than PC. Conclusion: MPV measured at 11–13 weeks of gestation is a strong predictor of PPROM, with better diagnostic accuracy than PC. The combination of low MPV and high PC further strengthens this association. Early screening using MPV may help identify high-risk pregnancies, allowing for closer monitoring and timely interventions.

Background: Hyponatremia is a common endocrine disorder associated with prolonged hospital stays and increased morbidity. Accurate diagnosis and management require systematic clinical and biochemical assessments. This study evaluates the current practices in managing inpatient hyponatremia and compares them with international guidelines. Objectives: This study aims to (1) compare current hyponatremia management practices with international guidelines, (2) identify areas needing improvement in documentation and service provision, and (3) implement changes and reassess outcomes. Methods: A retrospective randomized case note review of 50 inpatients diagnosed with hyponatremia was conducted. Documentation standards were compared with international guidelines. A second audit was performed after implementing a checklist-based documentation system. Results: The first audit revealed suboptimal documentation and testing: volume status was recorded in only 8% of cases, paired osmolality in 8%, medication review in 24%, urinary sodium in 28%, urinary osmolality in 36%, serum cortisol in 56%, and thyroid function tests in 72%. After implementing a standardized documentation sticker, documentation rates improved, with notable reductions in hospital stay duration and time to achieve sodium normalization across all severity groups. Mean hospital stay for severe hyponatremia decreased from 11.4 to 7.5 days. Conclusions: Implementing a standardized documentation checklist improved hyponatremia management, reduced hospital stay duration, and facilitated early specialist input. Further improvements could be achieved by updating hospital guidelines to align with international standards and introducing electronic alerts and referrals.