Food allergies are serious health issues around the globe but people often neglect them. In current survey, large and small both cities were randomly selected to determine prevalence of food allergies and obtained results showed that major sufferers are teenager. Whereas gender based comparison showed that females are at more verge of exposure than males and in addition to this, female patients also don’t take proper medication for recovery. The possible routes of allergens are intake of unhygienic water and improperly cooked food. Commonly reported symptoms are nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and skin itching. So it is need of time to address these issues and finding of their remedies along with programed general public awareness to reduce prevalence of food allergies.

Infertility is a growing issue that is encountered today with couples today around the globe. Different microbial floras are active in promoting infertility causing infections. Usually bacteria affects only males, only females or both males and females. Their modes of actions are different in affecting the human ability to reproduce offspring. Disturbance in natural microbial flora may result in serious urogenital tract impairment. These infections may be acquired after sexual contact or due to unhygienic practice. Sometimes people often face infertility due to sudden exposure of exogenous microbial pathogens either of gram-positive or gram-negative origin. The infectious sites include different organs of genital tract irrespective of gender. Cases of infertility due to microbial exposure are mostly reported from Africa, Middle East, South Asia, Central Asia and Central Eastern Europe. Though different strategic measures are taken to deal with these infertility complications still more low cost remedies and programed general public awareness is required.

COVID-19 has lately emerged as one of the most difficult pandemics of the twentieth century, with lethal consequences and a high rate of replication. It emphasizes the critical importance of developing effective vaccines to prevent virus infection, early and rapid diagnosis using high sensitivity and selectivity diagnostic kits, and effective antiviral and protective therapeutics to reduce and eliminate viral load and tissue damage-related side effects. As a result, non-toxic antiviral nanoparticles (NPs) are being developed for therapeutic use in the prevention and treatment of COVID-19. Nanoparticles have shown considerable promise in the development of nano vaccines to combat viral diseases. In this paper, we look at the potential of nanoparticles as a medicine or as a platform for drug and vaccine repurposing and development. Meanwhile, sophisticated virus detection methodologies based on NPs will be detailed, with the goal of inspiring scientists to develop cost-effective Nano platforms for prevention, diagnosis, and therapy.

Background: Despite playing an essential role as micronutrients, when exposed to an excess level, heavy metals can augment the risk of potential health diseases among humans and animals. Due to environmental degradation and food adulteration, many people are becoming the victims of those diseases by ingesting heavy metals from those food sources. Eggs are one of the principal sources of proteinaceous food and eggshells are also a good source of calcium, therefore, it is necessary to estimate the frequency of heavy metals as the poultry feeds, nowadays, are contaminated with heavy metals. Materials and Methods: Five types of egg samples were collected from the Jahangirnagar University area including indigenous, white and brown layer chicken eggs, duck eggs, and quail eggs. The concentration of Pb, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, and Zn was estimated both for egg contents and eggshells (10 samples) by atomic absorption spectrophotometry compared with the standard curve. Estimated daily intake (EDI), Target hazard quotient (THQ), and Hazard Index (HI) were also calculated to observe whether egg intake possesses any health hazards or not. Results: Among all the trace elements estimated, the highest concentration was 35.36±0.4 (Zn) in white layer chicken eggs, and for eggshells, the highest concentration was 0.69875±0.082 mg/kg (Fe) in Quail eggshell. Except for Fe, Pb was relatively higher compared to other elements in eggs, the amount of Pb was the highest in Quail eggs (0.486±0.09 mg/kg). All the six elements were also within the acceptable range in eggshells where the amount of Pb was the highest in Brown layer eggshells, and Cu and Zn were the highest in indigenous eggshells. Cd and Cr were below the detection limit for all types of eggshells. Estimated daily intake (EDI), Target hazard quotient (THQ) and Hazard Index (HI) values indicated that intake of eggs does not possess any health risk. Conclusion: Interestingly, the heavy metal concentration of our samples belongs within the PTDI and USEPA limit. Therefore, based on our study, all egg samples were safe considering the average egg ingestion in our country. If the average egg consumption rises, people might be at risk for higher Pb consumption through egg intake.

Background: Personal identification remains the primary goal of every forensic investigation. In the present study, lip print was considered as a tool in personal identification as well as establishing ethnic differences. Materials and Methods: The study involved 300 randomly selected subjects (72 males and 78 females) from the Ikwerre ethnic group in Rivers State Nigeria. A 500 watts Solar powered HPG 3110 Photo scanner was used to capture the lip print of the subjects. The lip was divided into four (4) quadrants and five (5) lip types were identified in each quadrant (Type I, I’, II, III, IV and V). Descriptive statistics (frequency) was done to determine the distribution of the lip print patterns, while chi-square test was done to determine the association between sex and cheiloscopy. Results and Discussion: In the upper left quadrant; Type I [53 (35.33%)] was the most occurring pattern, followed by II [28 (18.67%)], Type I’ [27 (18.00%)], Type IV [22 (14.67%)] and Type III [20 (13.33%)]. In the upper right quadrant; Type III [44 (29.33%)] was the most occurring pattern, followed by Type II [33 (22.00%)], Type I’ [24 (16.00%)], Type IV [20 (13.33%)], Type I [17 (11.33%)] and Type V [12 (8.00%)]. For the lower left quadrant; Type IV [42 (28.00%)] was predominant, followed by Type I’ [35 (23.33%)], Type II [28 (18.67%)], Type III [24 (16.00%)], Type I [16 (10.67%)] and Type V [5 (3.33%)]. While in the lower right quadrant; Type I [36 (24.00%)] occurred most, followed by Type IV [33 (22.00%)], Type III [30 (20.00%)], Type II [23 (15.33%)], Type I’ [22 (14.67%)] and Type V [6 (4.00%)]. Except in the lower right quadrant, sexual dimorphism was observed in all quadrants; upper right quadrant (X2 = 21.75; P-value = 0.001), upper left quadrant (X2 = 22.60; P = <0.01) and lower left quadrant (X2 = 20.15; P-value = 0.001). The most occurring pattern for the population was type I [122 (20.3%)], followed by III [118 (19.7%)], while the least was type V [23 (3.8%)]. Type III [Male (M) = 64 (22.2%); Female (F) = 54 (17.3%)] and V [M = 13 (4.5%); F = 10 (3.2%)] were predominant in male subjects. While Type I [M = 54 (18.8%); F = 68 (21.8%)], I’ [M = 50 (17.4%); F = 58 (18.6%)], II [M = 51 (17.7%); F = 61 (19.6%)], and IV [M = 56 (19.4%); F = 61 (19.6%)] were predominant in female subjects. Differences in the distribution of various types between male and female subjects were not statistically significant at p < 0.05. Conclusion: Lip print was observed to be unique among individuals and also sexually dimorphic when considered according to quadrants. This finding will serve as a useful tool in forensic investigations.

Thyroid benign (TBN) and malignant (TMN) nodules are a common thyroid lesion. The differentiation of TMN often remains a clinical challenge and further improvements of TMN diagnostic accuracy are warranted. The aim of present study was to evaluate possibilities of using differences in chemical elements (ChEs) contents in nodular tissue for diagnosis of thyroid malignancy. Contents of ChEs such as calcium (Ca), chlorine (Cl), iodine (I), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn), and sodium (Na) were prospectively evaluated in “normal” thyroid (NT) of 105 individuals as well as in nodular tissue of thyroids with TBN (79 patients) and to TMN (41 patients). Measurements were performed using non-destructive instrumental neutron activation analysis. It was observed that in TMN tissue the mean mass fraction of I was lower while the mean mass fractions of K and Mg were higher than in NT and TBN tissue. It was demonstrated that I content is nodular tissue is the most informative parameter for the diagnosis of thyroid malignancy. It was found that “Sensitivity”, “Specificity” and “Accuracy” of TMN identification using the I level in the needle biopsy of affected thyroid tissue was significantly higher than that using US examination and cytological test of fine needle aspiration biopsy. It was concluded that determination of the I level in a needle biopsy of TNs using non-destructive instrumental analytical method is a fast, reliable, and very informative diagnostic tool that can be successfully used as an additional test of thyroid malignancy identification.

As the COVID 19 pandemic evolves, concerns about fungal co-infections and superinfections are increasing, mainly towards invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA), which increases significantly the risk of mortality in these patients, thus requiring early detection and diagnosis for better treatment efficiency. We’re describing the case of a young, non-immunocompromised patient with SARS COV 2 infection, who developed an IPA due to Aspergillus flavus.

Background: The L5/S1 intervertebral foramen which houses the largest nerve trunk in the lumbosacral region is the smallest in the vertebral column, and studies on spinal health has revealed that certain clinical conditions of the lower back and the predisposition to them such as spondylosis, spondylolysis and lower back pain may be associated with anatomical variations in the size of the bony components in this region. The study seeks to evaluate normal measurement values of the LSA, LSA and LLD of the spine of healthy female Nigerians, and find out if there exists significant associations between these normal values and with respect to age. A secondary purpose is to provide an indirect method for estimating the epidural space by measuring the depth of lumbar lordosis (LLD). Materials and Methods: Lateral x-ray films of the lumbar and lumbosacral spine of 45 informed volunteers who met the inclusion criteria were studied with respect to the LLD, LLA and LLA using standard radiologic procedures. Results and Discussion: Lumbosacral parameters were 32.04±6.080, 49.84±8.260 and 3.36±0.45cm for LSA, LLA and LLD respectively. Average values of spine parameters varied significantly with age; except for LSA, significant differences were found between age groups. Mean LLA was significant between age group 18-22 and 23-27 years, while mean LLD was significant between age group 18-22 and 23-27, as well as 18-22 and 33-37 years. Statistically significant correlation (at P < 0.05) was found between LLA and age and also between LLD and age. On the average, the size and shape of lumbosacral curve dimensions as determined by lateral x-ray in healthy female Nigerians, fall within the range considered normal and are significantly influenced by age. Conclusion: The findings of this research will be helpful to physicians in the management of low back and also in drawing treatment plans for other back related conditions.